Collision of Cultures and Native Civilizations
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Questions and Answers

The Treaty of Hartford in 1638 outlawed the Pequot tribe.

True (A)

King Philip's War, lasting from 1675 to 1676, was led by Chief ______ of the Wampanoag tribe.

Metacomet

What was the primary reason for the Iroquois League's alliance with the British in 1677?

  • To acquire advanced weaponry
  • To gain access to trade routes
  • To expand their territory
  • To protect themselves from the French (correct)
  • Explain the main benefit for individuals who chose to become indentured servants in the colonies.

    <p>Indentured servants received passage to the colonies, food, land, and tools in exchange for their labor for a specified period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Middle Passage is TRUE?

    <p>It involved transporting enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the largest city built by the Aztecs?

    <p>Tenochtitlan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the colonial demographic trends with their corresponding impact.

    <p>Rapid population growth = Enabled westward expansion and fueled economic growth High mortality rates = Caused challenges for settlement and survival Early marriages = Contributed to a young and growing population High infant mortality rates = Reflected harsh living conditions and limited access to healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about the Treaty of Tordesillas is TRUE?

    <p>It divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were two major reasons for the migration of individuals to the New World?

    <p>Religious freedom and better job opportunities were two primary motivations for settling in the colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Clovis people were the first inhabitants of the Americas, arriving approximately 15,000 years ago.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The colonial economy in the South relied heavily on enslaved labor for the production of tobacco, rice, sugar, and indigo.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ was a period of renewed interest in learning and culture in Europe, beginning in the 1400s.

    <p>Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following European powers with their notable explorers during the Age of Exploration:

    <p>Spain = Christopher Columbus Portugal = Vasco da Gama England = John Cabot France = Jacques Cartier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these Native American civilizations was known for its advanced irrigation systems?

    <p>Anasazi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'Encounters Model' of European expansion emphasizes the peaceful and cooperative interactions between Europeans and Native Americans.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Briefly describe the 'Holocaust Model' perspective on European colonization.

    <p>The Holocaust Model views European colonization as an invasion and a brutal act of genocide against Native American populations. It considers the impact of diseases, warfare, and forced labor as devastating events that caused significant cultural and demographic losses for Native communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these events led to the Boston Massacre?

    <p>The Townshend Acts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 was a gathering of delegates from thirteen colonies.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Declaratory Act passed by the British Parliament?

    <p>The Declaratory Act reaffirmed Parliament's right to make laws for the colonies, even if they were not represented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following items were introduced to the Americas as part of the Columbian Exchange?

    <p>Horses (A), Wheat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ was the pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that argued for American independence.

    <p>Common Sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The French primarily focused on establishing large-scale farms in the Americas during their exploration period.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their corresponding dates:

    <p>Boston Tea Party = 1773 First Continental Congress = 1774 Declaration of Independence = 1776 Battle of Bunker Hill = 1775</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary motivation behind the Enclosure Movement in England?

    <p>To increase sheep farming for wool production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the British response to the Boston Tea Party?

    <p>They passed the Coercive Acts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Colony, established in 1584, was the first English colony in North America and mysteriously disappeared.

    <p>Roanoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Olive Branch Petition was a successful effort to achieve peace with Great Britain.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical figures to their respective accomplishments:

    <p>Martin Luther = Led the Protestant Reformation King James I = Became King of England after Queen Elizabeth I King Charles I = Ruling as an absolute monarch, he clashed with Parliament and faced the English Civil War Queen Elizabeth I = Defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 John Cabot = English explorer who sailed to North America in the late 15th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Paul Revere's midnight ride?

    <p>Paul Revere's midnight ride warned the colonists of the British troops' march to Lexington and Concord, giving them time to prepare for the impending conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The English Civil War was fought between the Parliamentarians and Loyalists, who supported King Charles I.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a motivation for English colonization of North America?

    <p>Desire for a better education system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Spanish colonization impact the native population of the Americas?

    <p>The Spanish colonization led to a significant decline in the native population due to disease, forced labor, and warfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Enlightenment was a period that prioritized the divine right of kings.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Great Awakening?

    <p>Emphasis on rational thought (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the first person to explore the Great Lakes region?

    <p>Samuel de Champlain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Company of New France restricted settlement to only ______ French Catholics.

    <p>native</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their contributions:

    <p>Jonathan Edwards = Preached fire-and-brimstone sermons George Whitefield = Popular traveling preacher James Davenport = Radical preacher who burned clothes and preached nude John Locke = Advocated for government by consent Benjamin Franklin = Scientist, inventor, publisher, and political thinker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these figures significantly contributed to the Founding of Princeton University?

    <p>John Witherspoon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 strengthened belief in a divinely ordered world.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name given to the land claimed by Rene-Robert Cavelier from the Ohio River Valley to the Rocky Mountains?

    <p>Louisiana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which colony were slaves only 2% of the population in the early colonial period?

    <p>New England (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Massachusetts Royal Charter of 1691 limited political participation to those who owned land, regardless of their religious beliefs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary economic activity in the Middle Colonies?

    <p>Agrarian economy, focused on wheat, barley, oats, and livestock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Rebellion in 1739 was led by a literate slave named Jemmy.

    <p>Stono</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the colonial city with its approximate population in 1775:

    <p>Philadelphia = 30,000 New York City = 25,000 Boston = 16,000 Charleston = 12,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a factor contributing to the fear that fueled the Salem Witch Trials?

    <p>The Great Awakening (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Stono Rebellion was successful in achieving its goals and permanently altering the system of slavery in South Carolina.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary role of taverns in colonial cities?

    <p>Taverns were social gathering places, serving as centers of political discussion, economic exchange, and information sharing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Age of Reason

    An intellectual movement opposed to absolute monarchy, emphasizing science and rationality.

    John Locke

    Philosopher who rejected the divine right of kings and advocated for government by consent.

    Great Awakening

    A religious revival movement in the 1730s responding to declining faith.

    Jonathan Edwards

    Preacher known for fire-and-brimstone sermons during the Great Awakening.

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    New France

    French settlements in North America; focused on Catholic settlers under strict control.

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    Treaty of Hartford (1638)

    Agreement that outlawed the Pequot Tribe after their massacre.

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    Cardinal Richelieu

    Founded the Company of New France, restricting settlement to native French Catholics.

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    King Philip’s War

    Conflict between Native Americans and English settlers led by Chief Metacomet.

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    Rene-Robert Cavelier

    Explorer who claimed Louisiana and named it during his expedition to the Gulf of Mexico.

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    Princeton University

    Founded in 1746, became a center for Enlightenment and Great Awakening ideas.

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    Iroquois League

    A confederation of six nations with Onondaga as the capital, allied with British against French.

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    Indentured Servitude

    Labor system where individuals worked for 4-7 years for passage and support.

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    Middle Passage

    The brutal sea route taken by enslaved Africans to America, with high death rates.

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    Colonial Demographics (1750)

    By 1750, the American population exceeded 1 million, doubling every 25 years.

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    Status of Women

    Women had limited rights and responsibilities largely confined to household duties.

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    South Carolina's indigo

    A major crop exported by South Carolina, profiting from slave labor.

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    Sons of Liberty

    A group protesting British taxation, led by Samuel Adams.

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    Stamp Act Congress

    A 1765 meeting of delegations from 9 colonies against the Stamp Act.

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    Declaratory Act

    1766 law affirming Parliament's authority over colonies after repealing the Stamp Act.

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    Boston Massacre

    1770 incident where British troops killed 5 colonists during protests.

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    Boston Tea Party

    1773 protest against the Tea Act where colonists dumped tea into the harbor.

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    Olive Branch Petition

    A 1775 document sent to King George III seeking peace, which he ignored.

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    Common Sense

    1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine advocating for American independence.

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    Declaration of Independence

    The 1776 document declaring American colonies free from Britain.

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    Conquest Model

    View of European expansion as a divinely sanctioned right.

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    Indian Voice (Holocaust Model)

    View of Europeans as invaders and barbarians.

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    Olmecs

    Ancient civilization in Mexico known as 'Rubber people', around 1500 B.C.

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    Clovis People

    Earliest known inhabitants of North America, arriving around 15k years ago.

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    Black Death

    A pandemic in Europe (1347-1351) that killed 1/3 of the population.

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    Treaty of Tordesillas

    1494 agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal.

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    Cortés

    Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in 1519.

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    Christopher Columbus

    Explorer who sailed west in 1492 seeking a route to Asia but landed in the Bahamas.

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    Salem Witch Trials

    A series of hearings and prosecutions in 1692 accusing people of witchcraft, resulting in 19 hangings.

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    Stono Rebellion

    A slave uprising in 1739 led by Jemmy in South Carolina, resulting in violence and a crackdown on slaves.

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    Agrarian Economy in Middle Colonies

    Economic focus on farming crops like wheat and barley in regions like Pennsylvania and New York.

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    Role of Cities in Colonial America

    Cities like Philadelphia and NYC served as political, economic, and communication centers despite a small population percentage.

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    Church Influence in New England

    Puritans built early church buildings; sermons were vital for community moral guidance.

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    Race-Based Slavery Origins

    Roots established in the Americas by 1619, evolving into strict slave codes by the 1660s.

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    Encomienda System

    A system where Spanish landlords exploited native labor.

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    Columbian Exchange

    The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between the Americas and Europe.

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    French Exploration

    French explorers like Verrazano and Cartier founded Quebec while exploring Canada.

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    Roanoke Colony

    The first English colony that mysteriously vanished.

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    Treaty of Augsburg

    Allowed German princes to choose their religion in 1555.

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    Enclosure Movement

    The conversion of common land to private pasture land, displacing peasants.

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    Magna Carta

    A 1215 document limiting the power of the monarchy.

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    English Civil War

    Conflict from 1642 to 1649 between Parliamentarians and Royalists.

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    Study Notes

    Collision of Cultures (16th Century)

    • Conquest Model: European expansion viewed as a God-given right.
    • Indian Voice (Holocaust Model): Europeans seen as invaders.
    • Encounters Model: Cultural exchange, alliances, shared knowledge.

    Native Settlements & Early Civilizations

    • Traditional Theory: Natives arrived via Bering Strait (~12-15 thousand years ago).
    • Recent Theory: First Americans may have arrived ~40,000 years ago from Asia/Europe.
    • Early Civilizations:
      • Olmecs (Mexico, 1500 BCE): "Rubber people."
      • Mayans (250-900 CE): City-states, polytheistic, declined due to war, overpopulation, and drought.
      • Incas (12th century-1531): 12 million people, strong military, conquered by Cortés.
      • Aztecs (1248-1521): Tenochtitlan, largest city, highly structured society, war-like, conquered by Cortés.

    North American Natives

    • Clovis People (~15,000 years ago): Earliest arrivals, spear points found at Clovis, NM.
    • Regional Groups:
      • Southwest: Anasazi, peaceful, advanced irrigation.
      • Great Plains: Nomadic, buffalo hunters (e.g., Sioux, Comanche, Apache).
      • Mississippian Culture (800-1400 CE): Cahokia, 15,000 people, mound builders.
      • Eastern Woodlands (e.g., Algonquian, Iroquoian, Muskogean): Farmers, fishers, village-based societies.

    Europe Before Exploration

    • Black Death (1347-1351): Killed 1/3 of Europe's population, disrupted feudalism.
    • Renaissance (1400s): Rebirth of learning, humanism, scientific advancements (e.g., Da Vinci, Galileo).
    • Printing Press (1450s): Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized information spread.

    Age of Exploration

    • Technology Advances: Improved ships, gunpowder, compasses.
    • Major European Powers: Spain, Portugal, France, England.
    • Spain Unification (1469): Ferdinand and Isabella unified Aragon and Castile.

    Christopher Columbus (1492)

    • Sailed west to Asia, landed in Bahamas.
    • Left 40 men in Hispaniola (all died).
    • Second voyage with 17 ships and 1400 men.

    Spanish Empire & Conquistadors

    • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Pope divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.
    • Cortés (1519): Conquered Aztecs, used smallpox.
    • Pizarro (1531): Defeated Incas.
    • Encomienda System: Forced labor of natives by Spanish landlords

    Columbian Exchange

    • Exchange of goods and diseases between Europe and Americas.
    • Items to Europe: Tobacco, potatoes, corn, tomatoes, chocolate, turkeys.
    • Items to Americas: Horses, wheat, diseases (smallpox, measles).

    French & Dutch Exploration

    • French (Verrazano, Cartier): Explored Canada, established Quebec.
    • Dutch: Focused on trade, settled in present-day New York.

    English Colonization Attempts

    • Roanoke Colony (1584): Mysteriously disappeared.
    • 1588: English defeated Spanish Armada.
    • Religious and Political Shifts in Europe: Reformation (1517), Calvinism, Treaty of Augsburg (1555).

    Legacy of Spanish Colonization

    • Spread Catholicism.
    • Extracted wealth via mining (silver).
    • Established missions.
    • Created political instability in the New World.

    England and Its American Colonies (1607-1732)

    • Motivations for Colonization: Market for goods, fur trade, religious conflicts, send poor abroad, enclosure movement.
    • Colonial Enterprise: Royal charters to Joint-Stock Companies, profits from raw materials to England.
    • England's Political Traditions: Magna Carta (1215), Parliament creation.
    • Religious Conflict & War: Puritans, English Civil War, execution of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell.

    Settling the American Colonies

    • Jamestown (1607): First English settlement, harsh conditions, starvation.
    • Plymouth Colony (1620): Pilgrims, Mayflower Compact.
    • Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630): John Winthrop's "City upon a Hill."
    • Maryland (1634): Refuge for Catholics.
    • Carolinas (1663-1720): Southern and Northern Carolinas.
    • New Netherlands → New York (1664): British take over.
    • Pennsylvania (1682): William Penn.

    Colonial Conflicts

    • Bacon's Rebellion (1676): Led by Nathaniel Bacon.
    • Pequot War (1636-1638): Colonists vs. Pequot Tribe.
    • King Philip's War (1675-1676): Chief Metacomet (Wampanoag).
    • Iroquois League (Confederacy)

    African Slavery

    • 1619: First African slaves arrive in Virginia.
    • Middle Passage: Harsh transport, high death rate.
    • African culture persisted through folktales, religious blends.

    Colonial Ways of Life (1607-1750)

    • Reasons for moving to the New World: religious freedom, job opportunities, and slavery.
    • Colonial Demographics: High population growth in America compared to Europe.
    • Status of Women: Limited rights, responsible for household duties.
    • Society and Economy: Southern prosperity depended on enslaved labor.
    • New England: Fewer slaves, emphasis on biblical interpretation.

    Colonial Cities (1775)

    • Cities were hubs for politics, economy, and communication.

    Enlightenment/Age of Reason

    • Opposition to absolute monarchy.
    • Shift towards science and rational thought.
    • John Locke: Rejected divine right of kings.

    Great Awakening (1730s)

    • Religious revival.
    • Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

    From Colonies to States (1607-1776)

    • New France: Samuel de Champlain, Quebec.
    • French Settlement: claims extensive American interior.
    • British System: More diverse government structure.

    Government Regulation and Colonial Reaction (1763-1776)

    • Government regulation of the nation's economy.
    • Navigation Acts: Cargo regulations only on British ships.
    • French and Indian War: Conflict between France and Britain in North America.
    • Treaty of Paris (1763): British gain control of land east of Mississippi.
    • Proclamation of 1763: British attempt to control colonial expansion.
    • Stamp Act (1765): Tax imposed on all paper documents.
    • Stamp Act Congress: Delegates from 9 colonies met.
    • Growing Crisis: Townshend Acts, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party.
    • Conflict Begins: Lexington and Concord.
    • Push for Independence: Common Sense and Declaration of Independence.

    Colonial Demographics (1790)

    • British North America: Mostly white population.
    • 1790 Population: 3.172 Million White Population.
    • Race-Based Slavery: Present in all colonies, but concentrated in the South.

    Princeton University

    • Became a center for Great Awakening ideas and revolution.
    • John Witherspoon: Signed Declaration of Independence, President of Princeton University.
    • James Madison: Studied Enlightenment thinkers, first graduate student at Princeton University.

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    Description

    Explore the complex interactions between European expansion and Native American civilizations during the 16th century. This quiz covers various models of these encounters and delves into early Native American settlements and civilizations like the Olmecs, Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs. Test your knowledge on the timelines and characteristics of these cultures.

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