Soc 100 Final Hard Exam

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of students at the University of Michigan come from the bottom 20% of the income spectrum?

3.6% (correct)

10%

What factor contributed significantly to the increase in college attendance from 1949 to 1999?

Increased number of prestigious colleges

The GI Bill making college affordable (correct)

Higher salary prospects with a college degree

Increased job availability for degree holders

Prior to the 1920s, what was the admission criterion for elite institutions?

Financial background considerations

Merit-based scholarships for low-income students

Academic requirements only (correct)

Outreach programs for minority students

What proportion of the population held a college degree by today's standards?

37% Signup and view all the answers

What shift occurred in the perception of a college degree post-World War II?

It became essential for competitiveness Signup and view all the answers

What choice do working-class women have in order to improve their earnings and status?

Obtaining more education and seeking middle-class jobs traditionally held by females Signup and view all the answers

How do middle-class women's paths to improving their social status differ from working-class women's paths?

Middle-class women often enter male-dominated jobs and specialties Signup and view all the answers

What describes the main effect of gender norms according to the discussion?

They shape reference groups and perceived choices in life Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines gender as distinct from sex?

Gender comprises social characteristics and societal expectations Signup and view all the answers

What primary characteristic differentiates cisgender individuals from transgender individuals?

Cisgender individuals identify with their birth-assigned gender Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'gender expression' specifically refer to?

The external presentation of a person's gender Signup and view all the answers

What social phenomenon was noted regarding men's resistance to wearing masks during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Men showed less concern for public health recommendations than women Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural capital primarily concerned with?

The knowledge of unwritten societal norms Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantage do low-income minorities face regarding college dropout rates?

Deficiency in understanding cultural capital Signup and view all the answers

Which class is more likely to engage in activities like horse racing and drinking cocktails?

Upper Class Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of lacking cultural capital for students transitioning to college?

Increased dropout rates and lower GPAs Signup and view all the answers

Which group is especially at risk for not acquiring unwritten rules in academic settings?

First-generation college students Signup and view all the answers

Which food and beverage combination is typically associated with the lower class?

Burgers and beer Signup and view all the answers

What is often a challenge for individuals who ascend the social class ladder?

Learning new cultural norms and tastes Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why the bodies of individuals experiencing chronic race-based stress may break down over time?

Persistent stressors lead to ongoing physical responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the biggest economic divide identified in discussions of inequality?

Upper middle class versus bottom 80% Signup and view all the answers

What did Geronimus find about the health outcomes of babies born to Black teens compared to older Black women?

Babies of Black teens were healthier than those of older Black women Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of cultural habits in the upper class?

Listening to classical music Signup and view all the answers

In studies assessing racial discrimination, what method is commonly used to demonstrate disparities in treatment?

Pairing individuals of different races to apply for jobs or housing Signup and view all the answers

In what way can unwritten rules be learned, according to the content?

Through social interactions in wealthy circles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best illustrates the concept of weathering concerning racial stress?

Long-term exposure to stress can weaken body functions Signup and view all the answers

What aspect differentiates class privilege from race privilege in the context of racial bigotry?

Race privilege does not protect minorities from racial discrimination Signup and view all the answers

What key factor contributed to HBCU students experiencing lower health risks compared to their peers at predominantly white institutions?

Healthy social environments at historically Black colleges Signup and view all the answers

How do daily experiences of racism manifest for Black Americans and other minorities?

With observable patterns of poor service and surveillance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes has been primarily linked to chronic stress related to one's identity and circumstances?

Deterioration in health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What role do audits play in addressing perceptions of racial discrimination?

They highlight ongoing disparities in treatment based on race Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of naming gendered violence within the Black community according to Audre Lorde?

It can be perceived as a betrayal. Signup and view all the answers

What did Professor Brooklyn Hitchens and colleagues find regarding police experiences among different racial groups of women?

Black and Latina women reported sexual harassment and gender-based victimization. Signup and view all the answers

What intersectional issue is highlighted by Crenshaw regarding media representation?

Police violence against Black women is often invisible. Signup and view all the answers

According to Professor Kamaria Porter, what keeps Black women and nonbinary students from reporting campus sexual misconduct?

They are concerned that authorities will not believe their accounts. Signup and view all the answers

What societal phenomenon does the content suggest about social institutions?

They develop gradually as accepted solutions to social problems. Signup and view all the answers

How do the experiences of women of color with regard to sexual misconduct differ from those of white women?

Women of color face sexual misconduct influenced by racialized stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of a 'double bind' refer to in Professor Porter's study?

The tension between being believed and being overly scrutinized. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes effective social institutions according to the content provided?

They consist of interdependent roles, values, and norms. Signup and view all the answers

Why might reports of sexual misconduct by Black and Latina women be underrepresented?

Myths about race and gender can deter them from reporting. Signup and view all the answers

What role do cultural expectations play in addressing intersectional harms?

They encourage prioritizing one identity over others. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

All societies rank people into higher or lower groups, rewarding higher-ranking groups more. This system is called social stratification.
Stereotypes are beliefs about certain groups of people. They simplify the task of perceiving information.
Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a person based on their group membership.
Discrimination involves acting on prejudice, treating people unequally for group membership. Examples include verbal rejection, avoidance, bullying, and physical attacks.
Individual discrimination involves one person discriminating against another.
Institutional discrimination is embedded in the social structures.

Isms

Sociologists categorize potent discrimination into "isms" (sexism, racism, etc.). These are distinct from ordinary discrimination.
Membership in a dominant group can affect how discrimination is expressed.

Gender Inequality

Men and women are not only treated differently, but unequally in virtually every society.
Biological differences are not the sole reason for gender inequality.
Gender is a complex interplay of inherited biological characteristics and socially constructed behaviors and attitudes.
Society shapes the “proper” behaviors for men and women.

Gender Identity

Gender identity is a person's internal sense of being male or female.
Cisgender people identify with their assigned birth gender. Transgender people identify with a gender different from their assigned birth gender.

Gender Expression

Gender expression is how a person outwardly presents their gender, including clothing, speech, and demeanor.
Gender expression is influenced by cultural norms.

Gender Binary & Hierarchy

Masculine traits are often characterized as strong, assertive, and dominant. Femininity is often associated with sensitivity, passivity, and caregiving.
This binary framework creates a hierarchy prioritizing some traits over others.

Nature vs Nurture

Mead's studies argued that gender roles vary across cultures, suggesting they are not purely biological.
Various studies have explored the relationship between genetics, environment, and gender roles.

Dominant & Minority Groups

A minority group experiences unequal treatment based on physical or cultural characteristics, not necessarily numbers.
Minority status is about inequality and exclusion from full participation in society.
Discrimination feels different for members of dominant vs minority groups.

Individual and Institutional Discrimination

Individual discrimination involves one person discriminating against another.
Institutional discrimination is embedded in the social structures, policies, and practices within a society.
Examples: bias in mortgage applications, limited opportunities, limited access to resources, educational disparities.

The Glass Ceiling & Tokenism

Some women, or minorities, may break through to managerial positions, but facing scrutiny & bias.
Tokens are seen as substitutes.

Gender Pay Gap

Women are paid less for the same amounts of work.
Many factors contribute to the gender pay gap, including discrimination and socialization.

Gender Inequality in Work

Women face different expectations and treatment in the workplace.
Women are often expected to have a higher degree of emotional labor and face the 'Mommy Tax”.

Many social problems can be explained through understanding how social factors such as race, gender inequality, and economic and social inequality interact and overlap to create unique experiences.
Recognizing how individual aspects are shaped by wider societal factors can help us recognize these problems as being systemic, rather than simply individual.

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