Soc 100 Final Hard Exam

Social characteristics, not biological ones, describing behaviors and attitudes considered proper for men and women in a society.

Internal sense of being male or female.

Identifying with the gender assigned at birth.

Identifying with a gender different from the one assigned at birth.

Describing how a person outwardly presents their gender.

Working-class women have two options: enter male-dominated blue-collar jobs or pursue more education to enter female-dominated middle-class roles.

Gender norms significantly influence women's career paths, aspirations, and perceived choices, affecting their social and economic advancement.

Racial discrimination, like poor service, surveillance, and unequal treatment, continues to affect Black Americans and other minorities despite claims that it's no longer a problem.

Research method comparing similar individuals (e.g., one African American, one white) in situations like job applications or shopping to reveal racial bias.

Advantages due to economic status, not race. It does not protect from race-based discrimination.

The long-term negative impact on health caused by ongoing stressors, especially racial stressors.

Stress stemming from racial discrimination and prejudice, which has significant and lasting negative health consequences.

Death of babies before their first birthday. Racial disparities highlight health outcomes.

Historically Black Colleges and Universities. These institutions have been shown to have positive effects on student health compared to primarily white colleges.

Persistent stress that negatively impacts long-term health outcomes.

Differences in health outcomes between different racial groups (like disparities in infant mortality).

The knowledge, skills, and tastes that are valued by higher social classes. It can be used to gain social and financial advantages.

The unspoken norms, behaviors, and expectations of higher social classes that are often invisible to those outside those circles.

Students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often lack the cultural capital necessary to thrive in college, impacting their academic success and retention.

Moving up the social ladder often involves acquiring new cultural capital, which can be a challenging and often humiliating process.

The concentration of opportunities and resources within the upper middle class, leaving the lower classes behind.

The most significant economic gap is not between the very rich and very poor, but between the upper middle class and everyone else.

The upper middle class holds a significant economic advantage compared to the other 80% of the population.

The gap between the upper middle class and the rest creates significant challenges for social mobility and equality.

Understanding cultural capital and the economic divide helps us to identify social barriers and work towards creating a more equitable society.

Knowing the right wine to order at a fancy restaurant, or the correct way to introduce oneself at a formal event, can be considered cultural capital.

The overlapping and interconnected nature of social identities, like race, gender, and class, leading to unique experiences and potential harm.

When certain groups, like Black women, experience violence or discrimination that goes unnoticed or is not prioritized in media coverage.

A situation where a person faces two difficult choices, both with negative outcomes. In Porter's study, Black women and nonbinary students faced disbelief or excessive scrutiny when reporting sexual misconduct.

A recognized solution to a social problem, often consisting of roles, values, and norms that are accepted and reproduced over time.

A condition that is harmful or undesirable to a significant portion of the population.

Violence directed at women in the Black community, often overlooked or minimized due to the cultural expectation of prioritizing other identities.

Experiences of sexual misconduct targeted specifically because of racist and sexist stereotypes about individuals' race, sexuality, and body.

Unsolicited, unwanted, and inappropriate sexual advances or behaviors by law enforcement officers.

Any unwanted sexual contact or behavior that occurs within a university or college setting.

The anxiety and apprehension that Black women and nonbinary students experience when reporting sexual misconduct due to the fear of being disbelieved by school authorities.

After World War II, the GI Bill made college more affordable for veterans, leading to a significant increase in college enrollment.

The post-war surge in college attendance made a college degree necessary for job competitiveness.

Before the 1920s, elite universities accepted anyone who met academic requirements. Today, only a small percentage of students from low-income backgrounds attend such institutions.

Students are increasingly focused on university prestige rather than the quality of education received.

Before World War II, college attendance was primarily for the wealthy to learn social skills and network.