Cold War Quiz

The Cold War - Case Study Vietnam

The Cold War emerged as a new form of international tension by 1948.
The Cold War was a contest between the USA and its allies, and the Soviet Union and its allies.
It was primarily an ideological conflict between capitalism and communism.

Terminology

Superpower: A country that dominates world affairs (e.g., USA).
Cold War: A contest for supremacy between the USA and the USSR, largely ideological, involving capitalism vs. communism.
Reparations: Payments for damages caused during a war.
Civil War: Conflict between citizens of the same country.
Proxy War: An armed conflict between nations acting on behalf of other parties not directly involved.
Containment: US foreign policy after World War II to contain the spread of communism.
Brinkmanship: Deliberately pushing a situation close to a dangerous point.
Propaganda: Biased or misleading information used to promote a political cause.
Indoctrination: Repeated exposure to the same information (message).
Guerrilla Warfare: Fighting a war using undercover methods and hit-and-run tactics.
Arms Race: Competition between nations to develop and accumulate weapons.
Space Race: Competition between nations for achievements in space exploration.
Coup: A sudden, violent seizure of power from a government.
Satellite: A state under the strong influence of another country.

The Impact of World War II on the Grand Alliance

The Grand Alliance (US, UK, Soviet Union) formed during World War II against Nazi Germany.
The alliance broke down soon after the war due to disagreements on postwar order.

Increasing Tension Between the Allies After World War II in Europe

Tensions between the Allies increased after Germany's surrender in 1945, leading to the disintegration of the alliance.
The fundamental disagreement lay in differing political and economic systems – communism (Soviet Union) versus capitalism (USA).

Origins of the Cold War

The Russian (Soviet) perspective was that America sought to dominate Europe.
This suspicion stemmed from the Marshall Plan's economic aid to European countries, which the Russians saw as an attempt to promote capitalism.
In 1917, a communist government took control in Russia, causing suspicion and fear in the West.
During World War II, there was a brief period of alliance between the West and Russia to defeat Nazi Germany.
After the war, intense tension arose, with the West fearing the spread of communism globally.
The West adopted a containment policy to stop the spread of communism.

Capitalism vs. Communism

Capitalism: Wealthy individuals (capitalists) invest in land and industry, employing workers for profit. A democratic system with multiple parties prevails.
Communism: A classless society where individual profit is absent. Land and industry are owned by the state and profits are used for the common good. Single party political control prevails.

Areas of Conflict and Competition Between the Superpowers in the Cold War

Germany: The USSR aimed to destroy the German economy, while the Western Allies sought to rebuild it for trade.
Eastern Europe: Russia took control of Eastern European countries, establishing communist governments (‘satellites'). This division was dubbed the Iron Curtain.

How Did the USA and USSR Create 'Spheres of Influence' in Europe?

USA: The US adopted a "containment" policy to prevent the spread of communism, providing economic and military aid to threatened countries. This policy is known as the Truman Doctrine.
USSR: The USSR countered through the Cominform and Molotov Plan (similar to the Marshall Plan but designed to keep its satellite states under Soviet economic influence).
Both sought to establish and maintain their distinct spheres of influence in Europe.

The Berlin Blockade

Germany was divided into four occupation zones (US, UK, France, USSR).
Berlin was also divided, but located within the Soviet zone.
The USA, UK, and France took steps to integrate their zones of Germany, including introducing a new currency (Deutschmark) into West Berlin.
In response, the USSR blockaded West Berlin to isolate it and restrict supplies.

The Berlin Airlift

The US and UK responded to the blockade using airlifts to supply West Berlin during the blockade.
This was a successful effort to circumvent the blockade and support West Berlin, highlighting the tenacity of the Western Powers.

What were the results of the Berlin Blockade?

The Cold War worsened, and the division of Germany became solidified.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was formed as a defensive alliance against USSR.
The Warsaw Pact, an alliance of communist states, was established in response.
The Berlin blockade accelerated the global arms race.

The Berlin Crises (1948)

Berlin Blockade (1948-49): The USSR blockaded West Berlin to cut off supplies. The US and UK responded with an airlift.
Berlin Uprisings (1953): East Berlin workers protested due to poor living conditions leading to the death of many during the unrest.
Khrushchev’s Berlin Demands (1958): Khrushchev demanded the West recognize East Germany. This was part of increasing Soviet assertiveness.

The Paris Summit (1960)

A summit meeting between the US and USSR was held to resolve issues in Paris. However, this was disrupted by a US spy plane (U2) incident.
Disagreement over the U-2 spy plane incident led to the collapse of the summit.
The incident highlighted growing distrust and the escalating Cold War climate.

The U2 Crisis

A US spy plane (U2) was shot down over the Soviet Union.
This incident further strained US-Soviet relations and led to distrust.
The summit meeting in Paris failed due to arguments.

Fourth Berlin Crisis (1961)

The building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 was a response to East Germans fleeing to West Berlin.
The wall became a symbol of the division between East and West during the Cold War.

Areas of Conflict and Competition Between the Superpowers in the Cold War

The Cold War competition encompassed both weapons and space exploration.

What Was the Arms Race?

The end of World War II saw only the USA possessing an atomic bomb. This created an imbalance and fear in the USSR.
In response, the USSR developed their own nuclear weapons, sparking the arms race.
Both sides continued to develop more powerful and dangerous weapons, leading to escalation.

What Was the Space Race?

In the Cold War context, a competition arose between the USA and the Soviet Union to achieve technological superiority regarding space exploration.

The Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a civil war that escalated into a wider conflict, with the US supporting South Vietnam.
The Vietcong, supported by the Soviet Union, fought against the South Vietnamese.
The war is characterized by guerrilla warfare tactics used by the Vietcong, who were familiar with the local terrain, and the US's use of advanced weaponry.

US Involvement in Vietnam

My Lai Massacre: A heavily contested event where US troops committed war crimes.
US Weaponry: This includes chemical warfare (e.g., Agent Orange) and advanced weaponry, which had considerable impact on the environment and local people.
Television: Vietnam became the first televised war. News coverage impacted public perception and fueled anti-war sentiment in the US.

The Differences Between the US Army and the Vietcong

US Army: Soldiers were young, conscripted, and unfamiliar with the jungle terrain.
Vietcong: Fighting to protect their families, well-versed in guerrilla tactics.

The My Lai Massacre

The My Lai Massacre refers to a highly controversial attack where US troops committed war crimes, killing a large number of civilians.

US Weaponry and Chemical Warfare

Napalm: An incendiary weapon that causes significant burns.
Agent Orange: A defoliant herbicide that caused environmental damage and long-term health problems.
Cluster Bombs: Weapons that scatter numerous smaller bombs over a wide area.

VC Weaponry: The Cu Chi Tunnels

The extensive Cu Chi Tunnel system allowed the Vietcong to effectively evade US forces thanks to its well-developed network and their familiarity with the tunnels.

Television

Television coverage of the Vietnam War significantly impacted public opinion within the USA.
This significantly shaped American views of the war and fueled anti-war protests and criticism.
The US public opinion turned against the war due to the shocking news coverage coming out of Vietnam.

Kent State Massacre and Anti-War Demonstrations

The Kent State Massacre intensified anti-war protests in the US.
The use of force by the National Guard to stop protests.

Important Figures

Nikita Khrushchev: Leader of the USSR who employed a more moderate, co-existence strategy with the West—though this didn't stop the continuing disagreements.