60 Questions
What was the outcome of the 1981 upheaval in Poland?
The fall of Poland's Communist regime
What was the reaction of the Polish government to the growing opposition in 1981?
It proclaimed martial law
What was the primary factor contributing to the animosity between Poland and Russia during the Communist rule?
Acts of political hostility and arrests of Polish critics
In what year was the Catholic Church in Poland dissolved?
1953
What was the name of the large, well-organized trade union that became the focus of opposition to Poland's Communist regime?
Solidarity
What was the primary goal of Poland's strategic decision in 1920?
To restore Poland's pre-1772 border with Tsarist Russia
What was the primary basis of Poland's economy before the USSR's imposition of its Communist regime?
Private landholding
What was the outcome of the military alliance between Poland and Ukraine in 1920?
Poland and Ukraine achieved a military victory against Bolshevik Russia
What was the US-offered membership that Poland was compelled to reject by the USSR?
Membership in the Marshall Plan
What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the border between Poland and Russia?
The Treaty of Versailles established the Curzon Line as the border between Poland and Russia
What was the primary ideological difference between Poland and the USSR/Russia?
Anti-Communism vs. Communism
Who was the dominant and authoritarian decision-maker in Poland during Phase I (1918-1922) of the East European interstate conflict?
President Josef Pilsudski
What was the primary goal of economic discrimination in the Poland-Russia/USSR conflict?
To retain and strengthen each country's economic system
What was the result of the Peace of Riga in 1921?
The Peace of Riga substantially enlarged Poland's territory by moving the frontier between Poland and Russia further to the east
What was the period of the Communist regime in Poland?
1944-1981
Where did the decision-making process related to Poland-USSR relations shift to?
Moscow
Who was the Soviet leader during the period from 1944 to 1953?
Stalin
What was the outcome of the shift in decision-making process in Poland after 1944?
The authoritarian character of the decision process resumed
How many phases did the Russia/USSR conflict go through, according to the text?
6
During which phase of the Russia/USSR conflict did Khrushchev hold power?
Phase III
Solidarity was a trade union that supported the Communist regime in Poland.
False
Poland and Russia shared a border in 1981.
True
The dissolution of Poland's Catholic Church occurred in 1961.
False
The Polish Communist regime was terminated in 1981.
True
Poland was an overwhelmingly Roman Catholic nation in 1961.
True
Poland's economy was primarily based on private landholding before the USSR's imposition of its Communist regime.
True
The USSR's economic model was based on private landholding and state-planned economic growth.
False
Poland was a member of the Marshall Plan after WWII.
False
The conflict between Poland and Russia/USSR was primarily based on ideological differences.
True
The Curzon Line was the border between Poland and Russia prior to the first partition of Poland in 1772.
False
Poland's strategic decision in 1920 was to initiate a war against Hapsburg Austria.
False
The USSR's imposition of its Communist regime in Poland occurred in 1920.
False
Ukraine's independence was recognized by Poland in 1922.
False
Poland's territory was reduced by the Peace of Riga in 1921.
False
Josef Pilsudski was the dominant and authoritarian decision-maker in Poland during Phase II (1922-1926) of the East European interstate conflict.
False
The decision-making process in Poland resumed its democratic character after 1944.
False
The Russian-USSR conflict went through five phases.
False
Stalin was the Soviet leader from 1955 to 1964.
False
The Polish Communist regime made decisions independently of the Soviet Union.
False
The Catholic Church in Poland was dissolved in 1944.
False
What was the primary factor that Poland and Russia-USSR used to reinforce national unity in their propaganda?
Emphasizing the ties that bind members of the nation and the differences, notably ideology and religious belief, that separate each state from its adversary.
How did the USSR's economic model differ from Poland's economic system before the Communist regime?
The USSR's economic model was based on collectivized agriculture and state-planned economic growth, whereas Poland's economy was primarily based on private landholding.
What was the significance of the Marshall Plan in the context of Poland-USSR relations?
The USSR compelled Poland to reject the US-offered membership in the Marshall Plan and to adopt the Soviet model of economic growth.
What was the primary goal of economic discrimination in the Poland-Russia/USSR conflict?
Each side attempted to retain and strengthen its economic system.
What was the duration of the Communist regime in Poland?
The period of the Communist regime in Poland was from 1944 to 1981.
How did the Soviet Union exert its dominance over Poland during the Communist rule?
through its patronage of the Polish Communist regime
What was the significant event that led to the proclamation of martial law in Poland in December 1981?
the violent outbreaks in 1981
What was the primary basis of the opposition to Poland's Communist regime in 1981?
the Solidarity trade union
What was the significance of the year 1953 in the context of the Polish Catholic Church?
the Catholic Church was dissolved
How would you describe the relationship between Poland and Russia during the long period of Communist rule?
one of animosity and hostility
What was the primary goal of Poland's strategic decision in 1920, and what was the outcome of this decision?
The primary goal was to restore Poland's pre-1772 border with Tsarist Russia, and the outcome was a military victory by Poland and Ukraine, which led to the Peace of Riga in 1921.
What was the outcome of the military alliance between Poland and Ukraine in 1920, and what was the basis of this alliance?
The outcome was a military victory, and the basis was an exchange for a military alliance against Bolshevik Russia in recognition of Ukraine's independence.
What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the border between Poland and Russia, and what was the subsequent border established by the Peace of Riga in 1921?
The Treaty of Versailles imposed the Curzon Line as the border between Poland and Russia, but the Peace of Riga in 1921 moved the frontier between Poland and Russia further to the east than the Curzon Line.
Who was the dominant and authoritarian decision-maker in Poland during Phase I (1918-1922) of the East European interstate conflict, and what was the result of the 1921 Peace of Riga?
The dominant and authoritarian decision-maker was President Josef Pilsudski, and the result of the 1921 Peace of Riga was the substantial enlargement of Poland's territory.
What were the two major decisions made by Poland during Phase I (1918-1922) of the East European interstate conflict?
The two major decisions were to initiate a war against Communist Russia in 1920 and to recognize Ukraine's independence in exchange for a military alliance against Bolshevik Russia.
What was the location where the decision-making process related to Poland-USSR relations shifted to after 1944?
Moscow
How many phases did the Russia/USSR conflict go through, according to the text?
Five phases
Who was the Soviet leader during the period from 1944 to 1953?
Stalin
What was the impact of the coming to power of Polish Communists in 1944 on the decision-making process in Poland?
The decision-making process in Poland resumed its authoritarian character.
During which phase of the Russia/USSR conflict did Khrushchev hold power?
Phase III (1955-1964)
Study Notes
Poland/Russia-USSR Conflict
- The conflict involved propaganda, economic discrimination, and acts of hostility, which reinforced national unity and differences between Poland and Russia/USSR.
- Propaganda emphasized ideologies (anti-Communism vs. Soviet Communism) and religious beliefs (Roman Catholicism vs. orthodoxy or atheism) to demonize the adversary's values and behavior.
- Economic goals differed sharply, with Poland being primarily agricultural and based on private landholding, while Russia/USSR aimed to transform Poland's economic system through collectivization and state-planned growth.
Decision-Making Process
- Poland's decision-making process was authoritarian, with six phases between 1918 and 1981.
- Phase I (1918-1922) involved strategic decisions to initiate war against Communist Russia and recognize Ukraine's independence.
- Phase II (1922-1926) saw no major decisions, following Pilsudski's electoral defeat.
- After 1944, decisions were made in Moscow, with Poland's Communist regime implementing Soviet decisions.
Russia-USSR Decision-Making Process
- Russia/USSR's decision-making process was influenced by changes in key decision-makers, including Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, and Brezhnev.
- Phases included:
- Phase I (1920-1922): Death of Lenin
- Phase II (1929-1953): Death of Stalin
- Phase III (1955-1964): Dismissal of Khrushchev
- Phase IV (1964-1972): Illness of Brezhnev
- Phase V (1972-1981): Termination of Brezhnev's tenure as First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party
Acts of Hostility and Opposition
- Acts of hostility during the Communist rule in Poland (1944-1981) included frequent detentions, dissolution of Poland's Catholic Church, and cessation of religious instruction in schools.
- This led to the creation of a trade union, Solidarity, which opposed Poland's Communist regime and the Soviet Union.
- Violent outbreaks occurred in Poland in 1970, 1976, and 1981, leading to martial law in Poland and the concentration of Warsaw Pact forces on Poland's borders.
This quiz covers the historical events and tensions between Poland and Russia during the Communist rule in Poland, including the persecution of critics, religious restrictions, and the formation of Solidarity. Test your knowledge of this tumultuous period in European history. Learn about the key events and figures that shaped Poland-Russia relations.
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