Cold War & Containment Policy

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the underlying rationale behind the Marshall Plan during the Cold War era?

  • To facilitate the repatriation of refugees displaced by World War II to their countries of origin.
  • To establish military alliances with Western European nations against potential Soviet aggression.
  • To promote free and fair elections in Eastern European countries previously under Soviet influence.
  • To foster economic stability in Western Europe, thereby reducing the appeal of communism. (correct)

How did NSC-68 fundamentally reshape American Cold War strategy, contrasting it with earlier approaches?

  • By recommending a massive expansion of military capabilities and a more assertive stance against Soviet expansion. (correct)
  • By calling for a significant decrease in military spending to focus on domestic social programs.
  • By advocating for a policy of détente and peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union.
  • By prioritizing diplomatic negotiations and international cooperation through the United Nations.

Considering the historical context, what was the primary significance of the Truman Doctrine in shaping early Cold War dynamics?

  • It prioritized arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union to reduce the risk of nuclear war.
  • It established a framework for international cooperation through the United Nations to address global economic challenges.
  • It committed the United States to providing financial and military aid to nations resisting communist threats, marking a significant expansion of American foreign policy. (correct)
  • It signaled a retreat from interventionist foreign policies, advocating for neutrality in international conflicts.

Which of the following describes a key difference between the policy of containment as advocated by George Kennan and the later Eisenhower Doctrine?

<p>Kennan aimed to prevent Soviet expansion globally, while the Eisenhower Doctrine was specific to the Middle East. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the "Fall of China" in 1949 influence the trajectory of the Cold War, particularly concerning US foreign policy?

<p>It prompted the US to reassess its containment strategy, leading to increased militarization and intervention in Asia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical challenge did the US face in implementing its containment policy during the Cold War?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the long-term implications, how did the policy of containment shape the geopolitical landscape of the post-World War II era?

<p>It contributed to the division of the world into two opposing blocs, characterized by ideological conflict and proxy wars. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main departure in foreign policy from the aftermath of World War I to the Cold War period?

<p>A proactive stance against authoritarian governments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical assessment can be made regarding the policy of containment's effectiveness during the Cold War?

<p>Containment successfully prevented the global spread of communism but with significant economic and human costs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main significance of the US military engagements in Korea during the Cold War?

<p>To prevent the communist North from conquering South Korea, thereby containing communist expansion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes what the Marshall Plan aimed to do?

<p>Economic aid to Western European nations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of the Eisenhower Doctrine?

<p>The Middle East (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of governments was the US against after the events of WW1?

<p>Authoritarian/totalitarian (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of George Kennan's strategy regarding the Soviet Union?

<p>Against the expansion of Soviet influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of confrontation varied during the Cold War?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the US involvement in the Korean War reflect a shift in American foreign policy during the Cold War?

<p>It demonstrated a commitment to collective security through the United Nations, departing from unilateral action. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best assesses the long-term impact of CIA operations in Latin America during the Cold War?

<p>They contributed to political instability and anti-American sentiment due to interventions in sovereign nations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the context of the Cold War, how did the concept of 'détente' challenge the prevailing ideological confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union?

<p>By fostering increased cooperation and reducing tensions, suggesting a move away from rigid ideological division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did President Eisenhower's 'New Look' military strategy represent a significant departure from the military policies of the Truman administration?

<p>By emphasizing massive retaliation and nuclear deterrence, reducing reliance on conventional forces and costly ground wars. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical tension existed between the principles espoused in George Washington's farewell address and the formation of NATO?

<p>NATO directly contradicted Washington's warning against foreign entanglements, committing the US to an international security alliance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Space Race between the US and the USSR impact domestic policies and societal priorities in the United States?

<p>It fostered a surge in educational reforms and investment in science and technology to enhance national competitiveness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the ideological underpinnings of the Cold War, how did the US efforts to promote democracy contrast with the Soviet Union's promotion of communism?

<p>The US emphasized free and fair elections and individual liberties, while the USSR promoted state control and collective ownership. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical challenge did the US face in attempting to reconcile its democratic ideals with its support for authoritarian regimes during the Cold War?

<p>Supporting authoritarian regimes undermined the US's moral standing and contradicted its commitment to human rights and democracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Warsaw Pact serve as a strategic tool for the Soviet Union during the Cold War era?

<p>By providing a framework for military cooperation and political control over Eastern European satellite states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a lasting effect of the US policy of 'massive retaliation' during the Eisenhower administration?

<p>An escalation of the arms race and increased global instability due to the threat of nuclear war. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did President Kennedy's 'flexible response' strategy differ from Eisenhower's 'massive retaliation'?

<p>It emphasized a range of diplomatic, political, and military options for responding to different types of conflicts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the principles of capitalism and communism, how did the economic competition between the US and the USSR manifest during the Cold War?

<p>The US promoted free-market capitalism and global trade, while the USSR emphasized state-controlled economies and limited international exchange. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical assessment can be made regarding the impact of the 'military-industrial complex' on US society during the Cold War era?

<p>It contributed to economic growth and technological innovation but also raised concerns about undue influence and potential overspending on defense. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of CIA operations in Latin America during the Cold War?

<p>Toppling communist regimes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which international organization authorized the US to intervene in the Korean War?

<p>United Nations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these presidents created the doctrine to contain communism?

<p>Harry S. Truman (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Warsaw Pact?

<p>The Soviet equivalent to NATO for Eastern Europe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which US President advocated for 'massive retaliation' as a military strategy?

<p>Dwight Eisenhower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a shared goal of both the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine in the early Cold War era?

<p>To contain Soviet influence through economic and military aid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the Bretton Woods Conference aim to reshape the post-World War II global order?

<p>By establishing a framework for international monetary stability and trade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the GI Bill influence American society after World War II?

<p>By providing educational and economic opportunities, contributing to a more skilled workforce. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as established at the Bretton Woods Conference?

<p>To regulate currency exchange rates and encourage world trade. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary significance of the U-2 Spy Plane Incident in 1960?

<p>It heightened Cold War tensions and derailed a planned summit between Eisenhower and Khrushchev. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the domestic containment policies during the Cold War differ significantly from the broader foreign policy strategy of containment?

<p>Domestic policies targeted alleged subversives within America, whereas foreign policy aimed to limit Soviet expansion abroad. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key impact of the McCarran Act of 1950 on civil liberties in the United States?

<p>It authorized the government to monitor and restrict organizations suspected of communist ties, leading to potential violations of constitutional rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did HUAC's activities reflect broader Cold War anxieties within American society?

<p>By investigating individuals with suspected communist ties, HUAC amplified fears of internal subversion and ideological threats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Rosenberg case contribute to the atmosphere of fear and suspicion during the Cold War?

<p>It fueled anxieties about Soviet espionage and the potential for internal threats to national security. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a lasting consequence of the domestic anti-communist measures taken during the Cold War?

<p>An erosion of civil liberties and a climate of fear and suspicion that impacted American society for decades. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly contributed to Senator Joseph McCarthy's decline in political influence?

<p>His unsubstantiated accusations during televised hearings and subsequent censure by the Senate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the addition of 'Under God' to the Pledge of Allegiance reflect the concerns of the Red Scare era?

<p>It aimed to differentiate the US from what was perceived as godless communism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the GI Bill contribute to the social climate during the Red Scare?

<p>By fostering a sense of conformity and loyalty through economic and educational opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Arthur Miller's play "The Crucible" serve as social commentary during the Red Scare?

<p>It allegorically critiqued the atmosphere of suspicion and accusation that defined McCarthyism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did television play in the decline of McCarthyism?

<p>It allowed the public to witness McCarthy's tactics and unsubstantiated accusations, leading to skepticism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Red Scare influence the development of the Interstate Highway System?

<p>It justified the construction of highways as a means of quickly evacuating cities in the event of a nuclear attack. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Senator Joseph McCarthy's investigations target the U.S. Army?

<p>To investigate why China had fallen to communism and why the Korean War was not being won more decisively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of HUAC's investigations during the Red Scare in Hollywood?

<p>To identify and blacklist individuals suspected of communist sympathies or affiliations in the entertainment industry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Red Scare affect scientific and technological advancements in the US?

<p>It spurred increased investment in science and technology, particularly through initiatives like NASA, driven by Cold War competition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the expansion of the service sector after 1945 primarily impact the American workforce?

<p>It opened up new job opportunities, particularly for women, in areas such as retail and healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor that drove the increase in consumerism and productivity in the American economy after World War II?

<p>The increased availability of credit and the introduction of credit cards, facilitating purchasing power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the GI Bill contribute to long-term economic growth in the United States after World War II?

<p>By providing veterans with access to education and homeownership, increasing the skill level of the workforce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind the construction of the Interstate Highway System?

<p>To facilitate the efficient transportation of military equipment and personnel for national defense. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did federal aid to education, particularly the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958, influence technological advancements during the Cold War?

<p>It supported university research in STEM fields, helping the U.S. compete with the USSR in the Space Race and Arms Race. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributed to the rapid suburbanization and the growth of developments like Levittown after World War II?

<p>Federal assistance through the GI Bill, which made homeownership more affordable for middle-class families. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did technological developments in aerospace and electronics impact the American economy during the Cold War?

<p>They spurred economic growth through increased private sector investment and job creation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the mechanization and consolidation of agriculture (agribusiness) after World War II?

<p>The migration of workers from rural areas to urban centers, changing the demographics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the proliferation of television sets and advertising impact American society and the economy in the 1950s and 1960s?

<p>It encouraged people to purchase more goods, driving economic growth but also fostering consumerism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the increased social mobility and migration to the Sun Belt region after World War II?

<p>Increased political and economic power as populations and industries shifted to the South and West. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an economic effect of the Cold War related to the “military industrial complex”?

<p>The economy was boosted by the manufacturing of missiles, bombers, and other war related materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct effect from the creation and use of credit cards?

<p>There was a boom in the purchase of new consumer products. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the consolidation and mechanization of agribusiness affect the middle class population?

<p>More middle class workers began to migrate away from rural areas and towards urban areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What made the expansion of higher education and new technologies after the war possible?

<p>Increased social mobility encouraged migrations of the middle class. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sector saw an increase in job availability after 1945?

<p>Service sector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to increased productivity and consumption after World War II?

<p>Buying on credit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key reason for the development of the Interstate Highway System?

<p>To improve national defense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly contributed to the baby boom after World War II?

<p>Returning servicemen starting families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological development rapidly changed business and personal lives in the 1970s?

<p>Computers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in the US emerged as a significant political and economic force?

<p>Sun Belt Region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What industry experienced consolidation and mechanization after World War II?

<p>Agribusiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason to provide federal aid to education?

<p>competing with the USSR in science and technology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of homes became common due to increased housing demand?

<p>Levittown: mass-produced homes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the GI Bill make more affordable?

<p>College education and buying homes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What federal investment related to the Cold War involved missiles and bombers?

<p>&quot;military industrial complex&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology was spurred by the Space Race and Arms Race?

<p>Aerospace and electronics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to a rise in housing demand and the growth of suburbs?

<p>Families leaving the cities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increased during the post World War II era?

<p>Gross National Product (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant economic effect of the population boom in the Sun Belt region?

<p>Creation of jobs and increased demand for schools and housing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The growth of the Sun Belt region influenced the American economy and politics after 1945. What describes one way it influenced politics?

<p>An increase in political power as the population grew. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily contributed to the rapid expansion of the entertainment industry within the Sun Belt region?

<p>A diverse and growing population with a favorable climate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'social mobility' as it relates to the post-1945 era?

<p>Increased opportunities for advancement from one social class to another. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the GI Bill primarily contribute to the increase in social mobility after World War II?

<p>By providing veterans with access to education and affordable housing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the GI Bill, which factor most directly enabled increased social mobility in the years following World War II?

<p>Expansion of new technologies and industries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a defining characteristic of the suburban communities that emerged, such as Levittown, after World War II?

<p>Homogeneous mass-produced housing and a focus on conformity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of suburban communities like Levittown affect societal attitudes during the post-World War II era?

<p>It reinforced traditional ideals of family and promoted social conformity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group most likely supported the growth of suburban communities like Levittown?

<p>Middle-class professionals and managers seeking a safe, family-oriented environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an environmental critique associated with the suburban expansion of the post-World War II era?

<p>Destruction of undeveloped lands and natural habitats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a negative impact on society from suburbanization?

<p>It increased car dependency and urban sprawl. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following artistic works critiqued the conformity of the 1950s?

<p><code>On the Road</code> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes one way the rebellious youth expressed their opinion of suburbanization?

<p>Creating artistic works that show the desire to go against social norms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What persistent social issue continued to affect American society despite the economic prosperity and social changes of the post-World War II era?

<p>Discrimination against African Americans and other minorities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor facilitated the migration of jobs to the Southern states after World War II?

<p>Growth of electronics, technology, and military defense industries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the south becoming the destination for growing electronics, technology and military defense industries?

<p>The Sun Belt had a lower cost of living and lower taxes, so there was incentive to move there. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could describe suburbs?

<p>Suburbs generally try to provide a safe a secure environment for families. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key difference between the supporters and opponents of suburbia?

<p>The supporters were typically middle class families looking for security while the opponents critiqued the conformity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying assumption could cause someone to dislike suburbia?

<p>A desire to protect undeveloped lands. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were the ideals of the GI Bill at odds with the realities for many African Americans after World War II?

<p>Despite eligibility, discriminatory practices limited African Americans' access to housing and education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a defining characteristic of the "Company Men" during the Age of Conformity?

<p>Strict adherence to societal norms and expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the most accurate description of the traditional gender roles during the Age of Conformity?

<p>Men were predominantly breadwinners, and women were primarily homemakers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Age of Conformity, which musical genre, rooted in rhythm and blues, gained prominence and challenged traditional norms?

<p>Rock n roll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the role of television and media during the Age of Conformity?

<p>Standardization of American culture and traditional values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant driver of increased consumerism during the Age of Conformity?

<p>Expansion of shopping centers, advertising, and credit cards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these leisure activities saw a surge in popularity during the Age of Conformity?

<p>Drive-in movies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trend exemplified the standardization of American culture during the Age of Conformity?

<p>The popularity of fast-food chains like McDonald’s. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which post-war societal aspect perpetuated gender roles, reflecting the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>Men being breadwinners (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from television, what other form of entertainment significantly contributed to the homogenization of culture during the Age of Conformity?

<p>Network Radio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of suburban shopping centers impact local economies during the Age of Conformity?

<p>They contributed to the decline of traditional downtown shopping districts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Despite the emphasis on conformity, which of the following movements challenged societal norms during the Age of Conformity?

<p>The Civil Rights Movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the introduction of credit cards reshape consumer behavior during the Age of Conformity?

<p>They promoted impulse buying and contributed to a culture of debt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary impact of the popularization of TV dinners on family dynamics during the Age of Conformity?

<p>They discouraged families from eating together, reducing communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the prevalence of shopping centers during the Age of Conformity suggest about societal values?

<p>A consolidation of community spaces based on consumerism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might someone living through the Age of Conformity criticize about Tupperware parties?

<p>They pressured women to conform to a specific role and lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major difference in approach between the Civil Rights Movement and LBJ’s Great Society?

<p>The Civil Rights Movement dealt with racism, but the Great Society wanted to resolve poverty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the slogan "one nation under God." What does this imply about the role of religion during the Age of Conformity?

<p>American diversity was suppressed in favor of Judeo-Christian beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the shared goal of the artists, intellectuals, and rebellious youth who challenged the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>To question and reject prevailing societal norms and expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the art of Jackson Pollock and other abstract expressionists reflect a challenge to the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>By embracing non-representational forms and rejecting established artistic norms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary critique made by economist John Kenneth Galbraith regarding American society during the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>The lack of investment in public goods and social welfare. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the "Beatniks" challenge the societal norms of the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>By embracing individualism and non-conformity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Civil Rights activists challenge the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>By advocating for inclusion and equality for marginalized groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author is most associated with the Beatnik movement and is famous for writing the novel, On the Road?

<p>Jack Kerouac (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Roy Lichtenstein's art, featuring comic strip scenes, critique or engage with the prevailing culture during the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>By appropriating and transforming elements of mass media and popular culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What core tenet differentiated the burgeoning Hippie counter-culture from the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>Valuing of spontaneity and non-conformity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

David Riesman, in his critique of conformity, identified what specific characteristic as driving individuals' behaviors during the "Age of Conformity?"

<p>A desire for external validation and approval from others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal precedent did the Montgomery Bus Boycott directly challenge?

<p>Local segregation ordinances requiring racial separation on public transportation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key impact did the murder of Emmett Till have on the Civil Rights Movement?

<p>It galvanized national attention and outrage, highlighting the brutality of racial violence in the South. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action by Rosa Parks is most directly associated with the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

<p>Refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 primarily aim to address racial discrimination?

<p>By creating a Civil Rights Commission and granting the Justice Department powers to protect voting rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for US involvement in Latin America during the Cold War?

<p>Fear of Soviet influence and the spread of communism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main purpose of the Peace Corps?

<p>To promote American cultural values and combat communism through volunteer work. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main idea behind the Alliance for Progress?

<p>To provide economic aid to Latin America to prevent the spread of communism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concern did President Eisenhower express in his farewell address regarding the military-industrial complex?

<p>That it posed a threat to democratic government due to its influence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is reflected in 'massive retaliation' and 'brinkmanship'?

<p>Deterrence through the threat of nuclear war. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event demonstrated the limitations of nuclear deterrence as a foreign policy tool?

<p>The Hungarian Uprising. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Robert McNamara's role in the US government during the Cold War?

<p>Secretary of Defense. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an issue that arose from decolonization and nationalist movements in Africa and the Middle East?

<p>The possibility of communist expansion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the CIA-engineered coup in Iran in 1953?

<p>To install a 'western-friendly' leader and prevent Soviet influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Britain, France, and Israel to invade Egypt in 1956?

<p>To regain control of the Suez Canal and counter Nasser's ties with the Soviets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the formation of OPEC in 1960?

<p>It marked a shift in power towards oil-producing nations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these actions was part of the Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957?

<p>Authorized the use of U.S. military force to aid Middle Eastern nations resisting communism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the Yom Kippur War in 1973?

<p>The assassination of Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the teachings of MLK, what was more important than any material thing?

<p>Human dignity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical factor led to the formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)?

<p>To give leverage to countries with petroleum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event led to Iranian people's deep seated resentment of America?

<p>The US interfered with Iranian leadership and installed a dictator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason that most of the colonizations by Great Britain occurred on the continent of Africa.

<p>An abundance of raw materials and cheap labor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Policy of Containment

US policy to prevent the spread of communism through economic and military means.

Truman Doctrine

Financial support to Greece and Turkey to resist communist influence.

Marshall Plan

Economic aid to Western European nations to rebuild and resist communism.

George Kennan

Advocated for containing Soviet influence around the world.

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"Fall of China"

Communist revolution in China led by Mao Zedong.

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NSC-68

Report calling for a large expansion of US military spending.

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Eisenhower Doctrine

Extended containment policy to the Middle East to protect oil and strategic locations.

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Cold War (1945-1980)

A period of geopolitical tension between the US and the Soviet Union, marked by competition and near-conflict.

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Cold War Fluctuation

The Cold War had periods of direct and indirect confrontation, as well as periods of lessened tension and increased diplomacy.

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Post-WW1 Foreign Policy Shift

A departure in US foreign policy after World War 1, the US actively opposed authoritarian governments, because of their repression and violations.

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NSC-68 Recommendations

Advocated for a huge expansion of US military defense spending and the development of a hydrogen bomb

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Korean War

Proxy war influenced by the USSR, fought on the Korean peninsula with UN intervention.

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Détente

Easing of Cold War tensions, marked by increased diplomacy and reduced hostility.

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CIA Operations (Latin America)

Secret operations conducted by the CIA to overthrow perceived communist governments

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Massive Retaliation

Military strategy emphasizing overwhelming force for defense.

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Brinkmanship

Diplomacy that takes you to the edge of war

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U-2 spy plane

US reconnaissance aircraft that was shot down over Soviet airspace.

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"New Look" Military

Eisenhower's military strategy focusing on nuclear weapons and air power.

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Military Industrial Complex

A network of domestic arms manufacturers with political influence.

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NASA

US space program established in 1958 in response to Soviet advances.

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"Flexible Response"

A range of diplomatic, political, and military options to deter aggression.

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Cold War

Ideological, economic, and military struggle between the US and USSR.

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Authoritarianism

Government demanding strict obedience to authority.

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Democracy

Government based on popular consent and free elections.

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Communism

Economic system with public ownership and strong state control.

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Capitalism

Private ownership and competition.

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Collective Security

Nations acting together for mutual security.

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United Nations

International organization for collective action.

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Iron Curtain Speech (1946)

Speech by British PM Winston Churchill describing the divide between the Soviet and Western worlds.

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NATO (1949)

Collective security system against communist threats.

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Warsaw Pact (1955)

Soviet equivalent of NATO.

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Authoritarian

Government requiring strict obedience through force.

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Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

A system established at the UN's Monetary and Financial Conference to promote economic stability through rules and regulations.

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World Bank

To help rebuild after the war and support growth in underdeveloped countries.

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International Monetary Fund (IMF)

To regulate currency exchange rates and promote international trade

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GI Bill

Provided educational and economic opportunities for returning veterans.

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Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-49)

U.S. confrontation with the USSR where U.S. supplied West Berlin via air after the Soviet's blockade.

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Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

A crisis where Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and was subsequently invaded by Britain, France, and Israel.

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Sputnik (1957)

A Soviet satellite launch that sparked fears in the U.S. and initiated the Space Race.

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Cuban Revolution (1959)

Revolution led by Fidel Castro that established a communist state in Cuba.

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Bay of Pigs (1961)

A failed U.S. attempt to overthrow Castro's regime in Cuba.

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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

A tense standoff between the U.S. and Soviet Union over nuclear missiles in Cuba.

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Containing Communism at Home

An attempt to identify and expose suspected communists within American society during the Cold War.

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HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

A congressional committee that investigated individuals suspected of un-American activities, particularly those with possible communist ties.

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McCarran Act (1950)

Law that targeted communist organizations, deeming them a threat to national security; many provisions were later found unconstitutional.

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The Rosenbergs

Couple accused and executed for providing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.

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McCarthyism

Accusations of alleged communists in the US government and society during the Red Scare.

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Hollywood Ten

A group of Hollywood professionals who were blacklisted for alleged communist ties.

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The Crucible

A social commentary by Arthur Miller reflecting on the paranoia of McCarthyism.

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"Duck and Cover"

Drills performed to prepare for a potential nuclear attack during the Cold War, reflecting widespread fear.

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Bomb Shelters

Building underground shelters stocked with supplies to protect from nuclear fallout during the Cold War.

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Interstate Highway System

Established for national security and efficient transportation. Enabled rapid deployment of military resources.

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Gross National Product (GNP)

An indicator of prosperity, grew substantially after 1945.

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Service Sector Growth

Expanded significantly, particularly benefiting women with more job opportunities.

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Corporate Mergers

Increased as corporations combined to gain efficiencies.

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Shopping Centers

Growing sites in suburbs with many stores.

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Consumption

Increased due to new products and advertising appealing to consumers.

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Buying on Credit

Increased access to credit allowed people to buy more goods.

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Interstate Highway System: Impact

Enabled quick transportation of military equipment and people across the country.

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"Baby Boom": Economic Impact

Fueled economic growth by creating demand for housing and related goods.

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Levittown

Provided affordable, mass-produced homes in suburban areas.

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Middle-Class Migration

Led to suburban growth as families sought larger homes and better living conditions.

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Sun Belt Region

A region that experienced significant population and economic growth.

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Agribusiness

Consolidation, mechanization, and government assistance transformed farming practices.

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Computers

Revolutionized business and personal lives starting in the 1970s.

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Migration to Sun Belt

The shift of people to the South and West of the US due to more economic opportunities

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"Baby Boom"

An increase in birth rate after World War II, leading to population growth.

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Suburbanization

Movement of middle-class families from urban areas to the suburbs.

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Sun Belt

A region in the southern and western United States experiencing population and economic growth.

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National Defense Education Act (NDEA)

Increased university research funding for science and tech due to the cold war.

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Service Sector

A sector of the economy focused on providing services to customers.

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Credit Cards

The use of plastic cards to make purchases on credit.

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Federal Aid to Education

Federal funding and policies to promote education during the Cold War.

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The Sun Belt

Region spanning from Virginia to California, marked by population and economic growth after 1945.

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Social Mobility

Rising in social class, often through education or career advancement.

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Suburbia Supporters

Those who promoted conformity and the 'American Ideal.'

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Suburbia Opponents

Critics of the homogenous mass culture of the 1950s.

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Traditional Gender Roles (1950s)

The idea that men should be the primary income earners and women should focus on domestic duties.

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Company Men

American workers who were expected to conform to company standards.

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Rock n Roll

A cultural and musical movement, popular among teens, that blended rhythm and blues with country music.

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Fast Food

Restaurants known for speed, standardized menus, and affordable prices.

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Consumerism

Increasing purchase of goods and services

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Containment (Foreign Policy)

Focused on preventing the spread of communism during Cold war tensions.

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Standardization of Culture

Standardization of values and beliefs through mass media.

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Challengers to the "Age of Conformity"

Sought to criticize and reject the prevailing conformist American society.

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Abstract Expressionism

Art movement characterized by non-representational styles, focusing on spontaneous expression.

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Pop Art

Art movement that incorporated images of mass culture and consumer products.

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David Riesman

Sociologist who critiqued conformity and the focus on external validation.

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John Kenneth Galbraith

Economist who argued for increased social spending to benefit the common good.

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Beatniks

A youth subculture promoting individualism, spontaneity, and rejection of mainstream values.

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Civil Rights Activists

Civil rights advocates excluded from prosperity and equal opportunities.

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Hippies

A counter-culture valuing spontaneity, freedom, and non-conformity in the 1960s.

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Jack Kerouac

Author of "On the Road," about a search for authenticity.

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Allen Ginsberg

Poet known for his poem "Howl," criticizing American conformity.

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

A political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.

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Emmett Till

A 14-year-old African American boy who was murdered in Mississippi after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store.

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Civil Rights Acts of 1957/1960

Established a Civil Rights Commission and empowered the Justice Department to protect voting rights.

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Latin America (Cold War)

Non-communist governments with varying commitment levels to democracy were present. The US got involved due to the fear of Soviet influence.

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Peace Corps

A volunteer organization created by the US to help with nation-building and to improve America’s reputation overseas.

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Alliance for Progress

Provided economic aid to Latin America, similar to the Marshall Plan, based on the idea that poverty breeds communism.

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Robert McNamara

Secretary of Defense under JFK and LBJ who promoted a shift towards conventional military equipment.

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Decolonization Era

Period when former colonies sought independence, creating opportunities for influence.

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OPEC

Organization formed in 1960 by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela to control oil production and prices.

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Suez Canal Crisis

An international dispute in 1956 when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, leading to military intervention by Britain, France, and Israel.

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Cold War tensions in the Middle East

Fear that the Soviet Union would take control over oil resources and become more involved in the Middle East.

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Study Notes

America as a World Power

  • Focus was on non-communist governments with varying levels of democratic commitment.
  • US involvement stemmed from the fear of Soviet influence.

Latin America

  • In Guatemala, the United Fruit Company saw CIA-sponsored coup in 1954.
  • Cuba was taken over by Castro in 1959, leading to the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the Missile Crisis in 1962.
  • In Chile, Salvador Allende was killed in a CIA-backed coup in 1973.

Peace Corps

  • The US created a volunteer organization to aid nation-building.
  • Goal was to improve America’s reputation overseas, particularly in non-aligned developing countries.

Alliance for Progress

  • Launched in 1961, to provide economic aid to Latin America, similar to the Marshall Plan.
  • Main idea was poverty breeds communism".
  • Focused on infrastructure projects like schools and hospitals.
  • Efforts made to combat diseases through sewage systems and cholera prevention.
  • Provided assistance during natural disasters

Debates Over Nuclear Arsenal and Military-Industrial Complex

  • Eisenhower expressed fears about the effects of defense spending on democratic government.
  • He warned of unwanted influence by the military, weapons manufacturers, and political forces.
  • "Military-industrial complex" was introduced in his farewell address.
  • Nuclear arsenal development was a deterrent against the USSR expansionism during the Cold War.
  • The strategy of "massive retaliation" and brinkmanship was adopted.
  • Hungarian Uprising against the Soviets showed that nuclear weapons were not suitable for all scenarios because the US did not send troops.
  • Robert McNamara served as Secretary of Defense under Presidents JFK and LBJ.
  • He was a former president of Ford Motor Company.
  • Introduced the "New Look Army" that went against conventional military equipment.

Decolonization and Nationalist Movements in Africa & Middle East

  • Occurred during the Suez Canal Crisis.
  • Former British colonies in Africa, Egypt, and Iran factored in.
  • Nations fought for Allies.
  • Peace Corps was deployed to help nation building.
  • MLK believed people were more important than things.
  • Involved the fight for raw materials, markets for goods, and cheap labor.
  • Europeans had to rebuild their economies.
  • Conflict between self-determination and the possibility of communist expansion.
  • US used strategies included aid packages, technical assistance, and military intervention.

Eisenhower and the Middle East

  • Fear of Soviet penetration into the oil-rich Middle East heightened Cold War tensions.
  • Western companies controlled Iranian petroleum.
  • Overnment was influenced by the Soviet Kremlin.
  • The CIA engineered a coup to install a new “western-friendly” dictator in 1953, leading to resentment towards America by the Iranian people.
  • The Suez Canal was mostly owned by British and French stockholders.
  • Nassar, the Egyptian leader was "flirting" with the Soviets.
  • Britain and France joined Israel in invading Egypt in Oct 1956.
  • They assumed that the US would supply them with oil during the invasion.
  • Eisenhower refused to help his allies, leading to their withdrawal.
  • By 1948, the US imported as much oil as they exported, increasing dependence on foreign oil.
  • Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960.

Decolonization and Nationalist Movements in Africa & Middle East:

  • Ghana gained independence from Great Britain in 1957.
  • Nigeria gained independence from Great Britain in 1961.
  • Kenya gained independence from Great Britain in 1963.
  • Egypt achieved independence in 1952 with leader Gamal Abdul Nasser, a nationalist who espoused Arab socialism.
  • The Suez Crisis occurred in 1956.
  • Eisenhower Doctrine released in 1957.
  • OPEC formed in 1960.
  • The Yom Kippur War in 1973 led to the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat.
  • The Iranian Revolution occurred in 1969 and was followed by a hostage crisis.

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