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What is a characteristic of coagulation necrosis?
What is a characteristic of coagulation necrosis?
What is the result of an artery becoming occluded with no other source of blood supply?
What is the result of an artery becoming occluded with no other source of blood supply?
What is a common location for caseous necrosis?
What is a common location for caseous necrosis?
What is the shape of an infarction typically?
What is the shape of an infarction typically?
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What can cause an artery to become occluded?
What can cause an artery to become occluded?
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What is the result of liquefaction necrosis?
What is the result of liquefaction necrosis?
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What is associated with the development of cancer?
What is associated with the development of cancer?
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Which neurodegenerative disorder is apoptosis implicated in?
Which neurodegenerative disorder is apoptosis implicated in?
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What is the likely outcome of decreased blood flow due to cold exposure?
What is the likely outcome of decreased blood flow due to cold exposure?
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What is a probable result of ice crystal formation and vasoconstriction?
What is a probable result of ice crystal formation and vasoconstriction?
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What is the effect of electrical injuries on the body?
What is the effect of electrical injuries on the body?
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Why is alternating current more dangerous than direct current?
Why is alternating current more dangerous than direct current?
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What is a possible consequence of decreased blood flow due to cold exposure?
What is a possible consequence of decreased blood flow due to cold exposure?
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What is a result of increased capillary permeability?
What is a result of increased capillary permeability?
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What type of injury can occur due to electrical current?
What type of injury can occur due to electrical current?
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What is the primary function of the inflammatory response?
What is the primary function of the inflammatory response?
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What are the two phases of the acute inflammatory response?
What are the two phases of the acute inflammatory response?
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What is the result of the vascular phase of the acute inflammatory response?
What is the result of the vascular phase of the acute inflammatory response?
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What is the result of the cellular phase of the acute inflammatory response?
What is the result of the cellular phase of the acute inflammatory response?
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What is a possible manifestation of an acute inflammatory reaction?
What is a possible manifestation of an acute inflammatory reaction?
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What determines the severity of an acute inflammatory reaction?
What determines the severity of an acute inflammatory reaction?
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What is a possible outcome of an acute inflammatory reaction?
What is a possible outcome of an acute inflammatory reaction?
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What is the role of leukocytes in the acute inflammatory response?
What is the role of leukocytes in the acute inflammatory response?
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Study Notes
Cold Injuries
- Hypoxic tissue injury can occur due to decreased blood flow, depending on the degree and duration of cold exposure.
- Injury from freezing results from a combination of ice crystal formation and vasoconstriction.
- Decreased blood flow leads to capillary stasis, arteriolar and capillary thrombosis, and edema due to increased capillary permeability.
Electrical Injuries
- Electrical injuries can cause extensive tissue injury and disrupt neural and cardiac impulses.
- Alternating current is more dangerous than direct current because it causes violent muscle contractions, leading to fractures and dislocations.
- The body acts as a conductor of the electrical current, causing tissue injury.
Acute Inflammation
- Acute inflammation is the early response to an injurious agent, aimed at controlling and eliminating altered cells, microorganisms, and antigens.
- The response occurs in two phases: the vascular phase (increased blood flow and changes in small blood vessels) and the cellular phase (leukocyte migration and activation).
- The primary function of inflammatory response is to limit the injurious effect and remove injured tissue components, allowing tissue repair.
Local Manifestations of Acute Inflammation
- Severity of the reaction, its specific cause, and site of involvement introduce variations in manifestations and clinical correlates.
- Manifestations can range from swelling and exudates to abscess formation or ulceration.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is linked to many pathologic processes and diseases, such as carcinogenesis and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson disease.
- Two basic pathways for apoptosis have been described: the extrinsic pathway (death receptor-dependent) and the intrinsic pathway (death receptor-independent).
Necrosis
- Liquefaction necrosis is characterized by softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents.
- Coagulation necrosis occurs when acidosis develops and denatures enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell, typically seen in hypoxic injury and infarcted areas.
- Caseous necrosis is a distinctive form of coagulation necrosis where dead cells persist indefinitely, commonly found in tuberculous granulomas or tubercles.
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Description
This quiz covers the effects of cold exposure on the human body, including decreased blood flow, hypoxic tissue injury, and edema. Understand the physiological responses to cold temperatures and how they can lead to tissue damage.
