23 Questions
What is a characteristic of coagulation necrosis?
The enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell are denatured.
What is the result of an artery becoming occluded with no other source of blood supply?
Infarction
What is a common location for caseous necrosis?
Tuberculous granulomas or tubercles
What is the shape of an infarction typically?
Conical
What can cause an artery to become occluded?
All of the above
What is the result of liquefaction necrosis?
Softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents
What is associated with the development of cancer?
Interference with apoptosis
Which neurodegenerative disorder is apoptosis implicated in?
Parkinson disease
What is the likely outcome of decreased blood flow due to cold exposure?
Hypoxic tissue injury
What is a probable result of ice crystal formation and vasoconstriction?
Injury from freezing
What is the effect of electrical injuries on the body?
Disruption of neural and cardiac impulses
Why is alternating current more dangerous than direct current?
It causes more violent muscle contractions
What is a possible consequence of decreased blood flow due to cold exposure?
Arteriolar thrombosis
What is a result of increased capillary permeability?
Edema
What type of injury can occur due to electrical current?
Electrical injury
What is the primary function of the inflammatory response?
To limit the injurious effect of the pathologic agent and remove injured tissue components
What are the two phases of the acute inflammatory response?
Vascular and cellular phases
What is the result of the vascular phase of the acute inflammatory response?
Increased blood flow and changes in the small blood vessels of the microcirculation
What is the result of the cellular phase of the acute inflammatory response?
Migration of leukocytes from the circulation and their activation
What is a possible manifestation of an acute inflammatory reaction?
Swelling and formation of exudates
What determines the severity of an acute inflammatory reaction?
All of the above
What is a possible outcome of an acute inflammatory reaction?
All of the above
What is the role of leukocytes in the acute inflammatory response?
To eliminate the injurious agent
Study Notes
Cold Injuries
- Hypoxic tissue injury can occur due to decreased blood flow, depending on the degree and duration of cold exposure.
- Injury from freezing results from a combination of ice crystal formation and vasoconstriction.
- Decreased blood flow leads to capillary stasis, arteriolar and capillary thrombosis, and edema due to increased capillary permeability.
Electrical Injuries
- Electrical injuries can cause extensive tissue injury and disrupt neural and cardiac impulses.
- Alternating current is more dangerous than direct current because it causes violent muscle contractions, leading to fractures and dislocations.
- The body acts as a conductor of the electrical current, causing tissue injury.
Acute Inflammation
- Acute inflammation is the early response to an injurious agent, aimed at controlling and eliminating altered cells, microorganisms, and antigens.
- The response occurs in two phases: the vascular phase (increased blood flow and changes in small blood vessels) and the cellular phase (leukocyte migration and activation).
- The primary function of inflammatory response is to limit the injurious effect and remove injured tissue components, allowing tissue repair.
Local Manifestations of Acute Inflammation
- Severity of the reaction, its specific cause, and site of involvement introduce variations in manifestations and clinical correlates.
- Manifestations can range from swelling and exudates to abscess formation or ulceration.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is linked to many pathologic processes and diseases, such as carcinogenesis and neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson disease.
- Two basic pathways for apoptosis have been described: the extrinsic pathway (death receptor-dependent) and the intrinsic pathway (death receptor-independent).
Necrosis
- Liquefaction necrosis is characterized by softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents.
- Coagulation necrosis occurs when acidosis develops and denatures enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell, typically seen in hypoxic injury and infarcted areas.
- Caseous necrosis is a distinctive form of coagulation necrosis where dead cells persist indefinitely, commonly found in tuberculous granulomas or tubercles.
This quiz covers the effects of cold exposure on the human body, including decreased blood flow, hypoxic tissue injury, and edema. Understand the physiological responses to cold temperatures and how they can lead to tissue damage.
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