Cohort Design Strengths & Weaknesses

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Which of the following is NOT one of Hill's criteria for assessing causation?

Temporal Relationship

Biological Plausibility

Consistency of Association

Strength of Intuition (correct)

According to Hill's criteria, which factor must always precede the occurrence of a disease if it is believed to cause that disease?

Strength of Association

Biological Plausibility

Temporal Relationship (correct)

Dose-Response Relationship

What is the purpose of Hill's criteria in epidemiological research?

To establish correlation without assessing causation

To study the genetic factors associated with diseases

To identify study designs offering strongest evidence (correct)

To assess the financial implications of a disease

In the context of Hill's criteria, what does 'Dose-Response Relationship' refer to?

The increase or decrease in the risk or severity of a disease with change in exposure level Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Hill's criteria for assessing causation?

Frequency of Disease Occurrence Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'Strength of Association' play in Hill's criteria for assessing causation?

It assesses the strength of the causal relationship between a factor and a disease Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, which variable is varied or manipulated by the researcher?

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

In non-experimental research, which variable logically has some effect on a dependent variable?

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in the scenario 'There will be a statistically significant difference in graduation rates of at-risk high-school seniors'?

Participation in study program (Y/N) Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in the scenario 'There will be a statistically significant difference in graduation rates of at-risk high-school seniors'?

Graduation rates Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered a predictor for commitment to the position of resident assistant?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What type of measurement scale uses attributes that are only named and can be ordered?

Ordinal scale Signup and view all the answers

Which level of measurement has distance as meaningful and an absolute zero?

Ratio Signup and view all the answers

What does reliability measure?

Stability and repeatability Signup and view all the answers

'A measurement must be reliable to be valid.' What does this statement imply?

'Reliable' measurements may not be valid. Signup and view all the answers

'Reliability is not a guarantee of validity.' What does this statement suggest?

'Reliable' measurements may not be valid. Signup and view all the answers

'Respect for human dignity through 3 core principles' is associated with which aspect of ethics?

'Belmont Report' Signup and view all the answers

'Treating people fairly, equitably' is related to which aspect of ethics?

'Belmont Report' Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential weakness of the cohort design related to temporality?

Difficulty in confirming that exposure precedes outcome Signup and view all the answers

Which factor limits the cohort design's ability to study rare outcomes?

Limitation in studying rare outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strength of the case-control study design in terms of exposure information?

Includes a control group to limit bias Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential weakness of the case-control study related to temporality?

Uncertainty about temporality Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential weakness of the cross-sectional/observational design in terms of exposure information?

Difficulty in obtaining accurate exposure information Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute limits the cross-sectional/observational design's ability to confirm temporality?

'No temporality' due to simultaneous measurement of outcome and exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is a common type of bias related to publication in quantitative research studies?

Publication bias (not published) Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for reducing bias related to measurement in quantitative research studies?

Validated & reliable instruments for the study population Signup and view all the answers

What is confounding in the context of quantitative research studies?

An alternative explanation of findings when a factor is related to both the exposure and outcome Signup and view all the answers

What is an independent variable in quantitative research studies?

The presumed cause Signup and view all the answers

What is a dependent variable in quantitative research studies?

The presumed effect Signup and view all the answers

What type of study design would be most appropriate for evaluating the effectiveness of prevention and treatment interventions?

RCTs (Randomized Controlled Trials) Signup and view all the answers

Which criteria for establishing causality refers to the increasing amount of exposure increasing the amount of response?

Dose-Response Relationship Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Coherence' refer to in Hill's criteria for establishing causation?

Compatibility with existing theory and knowledge Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiological research, why is Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) considered the most rigorous quantitative study design?

Random allocation ensures similarity between groups Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Specificity' refer to in Hill's criteria for establishing causation?

Presence of a single cause producing a specific effect Signup and view all the answers

Why might Randomization not always be possible in a study using the RCT design?

To address ethical and feasibility issues Signup and view all the answers

Which feature makes Cohort Analytic Design potentially less costly and/or more feasible than a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)?

Non-random allocation of participants Signup and view all the answers

In which study design are participants followed forward in time from exposure to outcome, similar to Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)?

Cohort Analytic Study Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion for establishing causality focuses on finding a consistent relationship between a factor and outcome across different studies with different populations?

Consistency of Association Signup and view all the answers

What does Hill's Criteria refer to as the weakest of criteria for causation?

Specificity Signup and view all the answers

What factor does 'Consistency of Association' focus on when establishing causality according to Hill's Criteria?

'Strength of Association' Signup and view all the answers

What makes Cohort Analytic Study different from Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in terms of participant allocation?

Non-random allocation to control & treatment groups Signup and view all the answers

Cohort Design Strengths &amp; Weaknesses

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Hill's criteria for assessing causation?

According to Hill's criteria, which factor must always precede the occurrence of a disease if it is believed to cause that disease?

What is the purpose of Hill's criteria in epidemiological research?

In the context of Hill's criteria, what does 'Dose-Response Relationship' refer to?

Which of the following is NOT one of Hill's criteria for assessing causation?

What role does 'Strength of Association' play in Hill's criteria for assessing causation?

In an experiment, which variable is varied or manipulated by the researcher?

In non-experimental research, which variable logically has some effect on a dependent variable?

What is the independent variable in the scenario 'There will be a statistically significant difference in graduation rates of at-risk high-school seniors'?

What is the dependent variable in the scenario 'There will be a statistically significant difference in graduation rates of at-risk high-school seniors'?

Which factor is considered a predictor for commitment to the position of resident assistant?

What type of measurement scale uses attributes that are only named and can be ordered?

Which level of measurement has distance as meaningful and an absolute zero?

What does reliability measure?

'A measurement must be reliable to be valid.' What does this statement imply?

'Reliability is not a guarantee of validity.' What does this statement suggest?

'Respect for human dignity through 3 core principles' is associated with which aspect of ethics?

'Treating people fairly, equitably' is related to which aspect of ethics?

What is a potential weakness of the cohort design related to temporality?

Which factor limits the cohort design's ability to study rare outcomes?

What is a key strength of the case-control study design in terms of exposure information?

What is a potential weakness of the case-control study related to temporality?

What is a potential weakness of the cross-sectional/observational design in terms of exposure information?

Which attribute limits the cross-sectional/observational design's ability to confirm temporality?

What is a common type of bias related to publication in quantitative research studies?

What is essential for reducing bias related to measurement in quantitative research studies?

What is confounding in the context of quantitative research studies?

What is an independent variable in quantitative research studies?

What is a dependent variable in quantitative research studies?

What type of study design would be most appropriate for evaluating the effectiveness of prevention and treatment interventions?

Which criteria for establishing causality refers to the increasing amount of exposure increasing the amount of response?

What does the term 'Coherence' refer to in Hill's criteria for establishing causation?

In epidemiological research, why is Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) considered the most rigorous quantitative study design?

What does the term 'Specificity' refer to in Hill's criteria for establishing causation?

Why might Randomization not always be possible in a study using the RCT design?

Which feature makes Cohort Analytic Design potentially less costly and/or more feasible than a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)?

In which study design are participants followed forward in time from exposure to outcome, similar to Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)?

Which criterion for establishing causality focuses on finding a consistent relationship between a factor and outcome across different studies with different populations?

What does Hill's Criteria refer to as the weakest of criteria for causation?

What factor does 'Consistency of Association' focus on when establishing causality according to Hill's Criteria?

What makes Cohort Analytic Study different from Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in terms of participant allocation?

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