Questions and Answers
What does the Cognitive Theory of Personality suggest about cognitive processes?
What are cognitive distortions?
Inaccurate ways of thinking that contribute to unhappiness and dissatisfaction.
What factors contribute to psychological distress according to the cognitive theory?
A combination of biological, environmental, and social factors.
What is an automatic thought?
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What is a cognitive schema?
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Which of the following is a classification of early maladaptive schemas?
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What are the two basic types of cognitive schemas?
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What can schemas be associated with?
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What distinguishes active schemas from inactive schemas?
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What is an example of a cognitive distortion?
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What does catastrophizing refer to in cognitive distortion?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Theory of Personality
- Cognitive therapists focus on how thinking affects personality, highlighting the role of automatic thoughts in personality development.
- Automatic thoughts reflect individual beliefs or cognitive schemas, influencing decision-making and life interpretations.
Cognitive Distortions
- Cognitive distortions are inaccurate thought patterns that lead to dissatisfaction and unhappiness.
- These distortions include various forms of flawed thinking that impact emotional well-being.
Causation and Psychological Disorders
- Psychological distress arises from a mix of biological, environmental, and social factors; often, no single cause exists.
- Early childhood events can foster maladaptive thinking patterns, resulting in unrealistic goals and poor assumptions.
Automatic Thoughts
- Key to Beck's cognitive therapy, automatic thoughts occur involuntarily and may be extreme or distorted in psychological disorders.
Cognitive Schema
- Cognitive schemas originate in childhood and evolve through life experiences, creating fundamental beliefs about self and the world.
Early Maladaptive Schemas
- Five domains categorize early maladaptive schemas:
- Disconnection & Rejection: Belief that needs for safety and empathy are unpredictably unmet.
- Impaired Autonomy and Performance: Conviction of inadequacy and inability to manage responsibilities.
- Impaired Limits: Difficulty respecting others’ rights and cooperating while managing one's own behavior.
- Other Directedness: Prioritizing others' needs over self for love and acceptance.
- Over-vigilance and Inhibition: Suppressing feelings to meet high expectations; leads to anxiety.
Cognitive Schemas in Therapy
- Cognitive schemas encompass how patients view their world and significant beliefs, shaping their perceptions of people and events.
Types of Cognitive Schemas
- Schemas may be classified as:
- Positive [adaptive]: Support beneficial thoughts and behaviors.
- Negative [maladaptive]: Lead to harmful thinking patterns.
Schemas
- Schemas emerge from personal experiences and social interactions, influencing individuals’ vulnerability to psychological distress.
- Negative schemas often manifest as anxious thoughts, exemplifying cognitive vulnerability.
Schema Dimensions
- Active vs. Inactive: Active schemas operate in daily life; inactive schemas activate during specific events.
- Compelling vs. Non-compelling: Compelling schemas, learned early, are reinforced by family and society.
- Changeable vs. Non-changeable: Changeable schemas are easier to modify; some schemas, like religious beliefs, tend to remain stable.
Cognitive Distortions (Revisited)
- Cognitive distortions arise from ineffective information processing and include:
- All-or-nothing thinking: Viewing situations in black-and-white terms.
- Selective abstraction: Focusing on one aspect of a situation that supports a negative mindset.
- Mind reading: Assuming knowledge of others' thoughts.
- Negative prediction: Expecting bad outcomes without evidence.
- Catastrophizing: Exaggerating concerns from singular events to amplify fear.
- Overgeneralization: Drawing broad conclusions from specific instances.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in cognitive theory, focusing on how thoughts and cognitive distortions shape personality. It also examines the interplay between psychological disorders and automatic thoughts, highlighting the role of cognitive schemas in decision-making and emotional well-being.
