Cognitive Science Key Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Match each of the following terms to its definition:

Non-linear trajectory = A path that doesn't follow a straight or predictable course Hypothesis = A testable explanation for an observation Data = Information collected through observation or experimentation Illusion of explanatory depth = The tendency to believe you understand something better than you actually do

Match the term to its description:

A. System 1 = Automatic, unconscious thinking B. Division of cognitive labour = The concept that societal knowledge is distributed among individuals C. System 2 = Effortful, conscious thinking D. Chunking = Grouping information to improve working memory capacity

Match each term to its meaning:

Scientific inquiry = The process of investigating the natural world Inspiration = A feeling of enthusiasm or a creative impulse Hypothesis = A proposed explanation for a phenomenon Data = Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis

Match the phrase related to problem solving with its description:

Trial and Error = Experimenting until a solution is found Algorithm = A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem Heuristic = A mental shortcut used for problem solving Insight = A sudden realization of a problem's solution Signup and view all the answers

Link the description with the concept.

Confirmation Bias = Seeking evidence that supports your beliefs Cognitive Dissonance = Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs Anchoring Bias = Over-reliance on the first piece of information Availability Heuristic = Estimating likelihood based on readily available information Signup and view all the answers

Match each form of reasoning with its description.

Deductive Reasoning = Reasoning from general principles to specific instances Inductive Reasoning = Reasoning from specific observations to general principles Abductive Reasoning = Reasoning to the best explanation Analogical Reasoning = Drawing conclusions based on similarities Signup and view all the answers

Match the concept with its best description.

Mindfulness = Paying attention to the present moment without judgment Cognitive Flexibility = Adapting to new or changing information Metacognition = Thinking about one's own thinking processes Working Memory = Short-term storage and manipulation of information Signup and view all the answers

Match the method to the correct description.

Random Sampling = Selecting participants to ensure every member of population has an equal chance of inclusion Case Study = An in-depth investigation of a single individual or group Survey = Collecting data using questionnaires or interviews Naturalistic Observation = Observing behavior in a natural setting Signup and view all the answers

Match the fallacy to its example.

Ad Hominem = Attacking the person instead of the argument Straw Man = Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack Appeal to Authority = Claiming something is true because an expert said so False Dilemma = Presenting only two options when more exist Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with what it applies to.

Critical Thinking = Analyzing information and forming judgments Creativity = Generating new and original ideas Emotional Intelligence = Understanding and managing emotions Collaboration = Working together to achieve a common goal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their descriptions:

Correlation = A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables Causation = A relationship where one variable directly influences another Independent Variable = The variable that is manipulated in an experiment Dependent Variable = The variable that is measured in an experiment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical concepts to their descriptions:

Mean = The average of a set of numbers Median = The middle value in a set of numbers sorted in ascending order Mode = The value that appears most frequently in a set of numbers Standard Deviation = A measure of the spread or dispersion of a set of data Signup and view all the answers

Match the following information processing-related concepts to their descriptions:

Encoding = The process of converting information into a usable form for storage Storage = The retention of encoded information over time Retrieval = The process of accessing and bringing stored information into consciousness Forgetting = The failure to retrieve stored information Signup and view all the answers

Match the following decision-making biases to their descriptions:

Loss Aversion = The tendency to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring equivalent gains Framing Effect = The way information is presented influences decision-making Sunk Cost Fallacy = Continuing to invest in something because of resources already invested Bandwagon Effect = Adopting beliefs or behaviors that are popular or widespread Signup and view all the answers

Match the following artificial intelligence-related terms to their descriptions:

Machine Learning = A type of AI that allows systems to learn from data without explicit programming Deep Learning = A type of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks with multiple layers Natural Language Processing = The ability of computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language Computer Vision = The ability of computers to 'see' and interpret images Signup and view all the answers

Match the following team-related terms to their descriptions:

Synergy = The interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects Groupthink = The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group, resulting typically in unchallenged, poor-quality decision-making Social Loafing = The concept that people are prone to exert less effort working collectively as part of a group than when performing the same task alone Brainstorming = A group creativity technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas spontaneously contributed by its members Signup and view all the answers

Match the term and it's correct use:

Stakeholder = A person, group, or organization that has interest or concern in an organization Scope Creep = Uncontrolled changes or additions to the project's scope Risk Assessment = Identifying potential hazards and determining what could happen if the hazard occurs Resource Allocation = Assigning available resources to various uses Signup and view all the answers

Find a related pair:

Innovation = The implementation of a new or significantly improved product, process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method Disruption = A radical shift in economic or societal circumstances Lean Startup = Principles for rapidly developing and testing products Value Proposition = A promise of value to be delivered and a belief from the customer that value will be experienced Signup and view all the answers

Match the method to what it goes with:

SWOT Analysis = Evaluates internal and external factors affecting success Design Thinking = A human-centered and prototype driven method to solve a problem Agile Methodology = A way to manage a project by breaking it up into several phases Waterfall Model = A sequential design process, often used in software development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Non-linear trajectory

A path that doesn't follow a straight or predictable course.

Hypothesis

A testable explanation for an observation.