Cognitive Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does the difference between Choice RT and Simple RT indicate?

  • The time to make a decision (correct)
  • The participant's level of attention
  • The speed of the physical response
  • The complexity of the stimulus

    • How much longer is the Choice RT compared to the Simple RT?

  • 1 second
  • 1/10 second (correct)
  • 1/2 second
  • 1/5 second

    • What method did Wundt use to analyze experiences and thought processes?

  • Case studies
  • Experimental observation
  • Analytic introspection (correct)
  • Empirical research

    • What was the focus of Ebbinghaus's research?

    <p>Memory and forgetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did short-break intervals have on Ebbinghaus's ability to relearn lists?

    <p>Fewer repetitions necessary to relearn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wundt believe constituted overall experience?

    <p>Sensations combined in unique ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin?

    <p>Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a part of Ebbinghaus's methodology?

    <p>Observing naturalistic behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from participants' behaviors in reaction time studies?

    <p>Inferences can be made about mental responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is associated with life events according to Tulving's model?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of long-term memory as identified by Tulving?

    <p>Working memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sensory memory?

    <p>Lasts for less than 1 second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain imaging technique uses electrical responses to study the nervous system?

    <p>Electrophysiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of long-term memory is primarily concerned with facts?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measure?

    <p>Blood flow changes in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about short-term memory is true?

    <p>It has a limited capacity and lasts a few seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument presented by Skinner regarding language acquisition?

    <p>Children learn language through imitation and reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chomsky, what aspect of language acquisition is critical to understanding how children develop language skills?

    <p>Language is determined by an inborn biological program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Thomas Kuhn's concept of a scientific revolution emphasize?

    <p>The effect of paradigm shifts on scientific progress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the information-processing approach in psychology?

    <p>It uses insights from the functioning of the digital computer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges Skinner's theory of language acquisition?

    <p>Children can produce unique sentences they have never heard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant shift does the introduction of the digital computer represent in psychology?

    <p>An emphasis on understanding behavior through mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Chomsky view the language children produce?

    <p>It often includes incorrect forms that were not rewarded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In rejecting behaviorism, what does the cognitive approach aim to study?

    <p>The sequential stages of mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of Cherry's study in 1953?

    <p>It introduced the idea of selective attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Broadbent's 1958 model, what happens to unattended information?

    <p>It is filtered out and does not reach awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect of the cognitive revolution in psychology?

    <p>The shift towards an information-processing approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did McCarthy et al. describe as artificial intelligence in 1955?

    <p>Machines behaving intelligently like humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What direction did Newell and Simon take in developing the logic theorist program?

    <p>Generating proofs for mathematical theorems based on logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept did Cherry's experiments primarily highlight?

    <p>The processing limits of auditory stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the cognitive revolution have on psychology?

    <p>Integrated cognitive and behavioral approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of attention was explored through the flow diagram developed by Broadbent?

    <p>Attention filters out irrelevant stimuli while enhancing focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cognitive psychology define the 'mind'?

    <p>The mental processes that influence behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Wilhelm Wundt primarily known for in the study of psychology?

    <p>Introducing the concept of introspection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivation drove Watson and Skinner to focus on observable behaviors?

    <p>A belief that mental processes could not be quantified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key event in the 1950s and 1960s contributed to the cognitive revolution?

    <p>Advancements in computer technology and information theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way has the scope of cognitive psychology expanded since the 1950s?

    <p>The integration of technology into cognitive research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of psychologists had contrasting views towards observable behavior?

    <p>Tolman and Watson.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attribute is NOT typically associated with cognitive psychology?

    <p>Analysis of unconscious motivations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early psychologist conducted significant research on memory through experiments?

    <p>Ebbinghaus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

    • Cognitive psychology studies the mind and its processes, encompassing how we perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
    • Understanding the mind involves exploring inner workings that are not directly observable.

    Historical Approaches to Studying the Mind

    • Wundt (1879): Established the first psychology lab; focused on structuralism, which combined basic elements of experience known as sensations.
    • Ebbinghaus (1885): Investigated memory using nonsense syllables; demonstrated that relearning is more efficient with shorter breaks between study sessions.
    • Donders: Developed reaction time experiments; differentiated between simple and choice reaction times to infer cognitive decision-making processes.

    Evolution of Cognitive Psychology

    • Cognitive psychology gained prominence during the 1950s and 1960s, known as the cognitive revolution, shifting away from behaviorism.
    • Key concepts of memory:
      • Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage model: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
      • Tulving identified three types of long-term memory: episodic (events), semantic (facts), and procedural (skills).

    The Decline of Behaviorism

    • Behaviorism, primarily represented by Skinner, emphasized observable behaviors and operant conditioning in language acquisition.
    • Chomsky's critique: Argued against the idea that language learning occurs solely through imitation, highlighting innate linguistic capabilities of children.

    Key Events Leading to the Cognitive Revolution

    • Introduction of digital computers promoted new information-processing approaches, allowing for the modeling of cognitive processes.
    • Cherry and Broadbent researched attention; Cherry found selective attention allows processing of one message while filtering out others.

    Neuropsychology and Cognition

    • Neuropsychology studies behaviors of individuals with brain damage to understand cognitive functions.
    • Modern techniques such as PET and fMRI reveal active brain regions during cognitive tasks.

    Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science

    • AI research aims to create machines that exhibit human-like intelligence.
    • Newell and Simon developed programs capable of logical reasoning, which exemplified cognitive models.

    Paradigms in Cognitive Psychology

    • Thomas Kuhn's paradigm shifts illustrate how scientific revolutions occur through changes in foundational theories and methodologies.

    Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology

    • Insights from cognitive psychology are applicable in everyday situations, enhancing learning, memory, and decision-making processes.

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    Related Documents

    Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating field of cognitive psychology, focusing on the mind's processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving. Understand the historical approaches, including key figures like Wundt and Ebbinghaus, and the evolution of cognitive psychology during the 1950s and 1960s.

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