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Questions and Answers
What was Tolman's conclusion regarding the rat's behavior in the maze?
In Skinner's 'Verbal Behavior', how did he explain children learning language?
What was Noam Chomsky's criticism of Skinner's 'Verbal Behavior' theory?
According to Tolman, what did the rat need to have developed to navigate the maze effectively?
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How did Tolman's perspective challenge traditional behaviorism?
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What concept did Tolman propose was essential for the rat's navigation in the maze?
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Franciscus Donders was one of the early pioneers of Cognitive Psychology.
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The cognitive revolution marked the abandonment of the study of the mind.
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Rationalism suggests acquiring knowledge through empirical evidence.
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Franciscus Donders' method to measure the mind is no longer used in experimental psychology today.
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Psychology as a scientific discipline has more philosophical antecedents than empirical ones.
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At the time of Franciscus Donders' experiments, there were already established psychology laboratories.
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Empiricism advocates for acquiring knowledge through experience and observation.
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The cognitive system is known for being completely error-free.
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Franciscus Donders' experiments were critiqued by Immanuel Kant for being unscientific.
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The study of the mind has always been a prominent focus in psychological research.
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What was the primary concern that led to the abandonment of the study of the mind in psychology, according to the behaviorist perspective?
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Which of the following statements best represents William James' perspective on attention, as described in the given text?
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Based on the information provided, which of the following statements accurately describes Edward Tolman's perspective on animal behavior?
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Which of the following statements accurately represents the historical context described in the text regarding the cognitive revolution?
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According to the information provided, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between empiricism and the study of the mind?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology and Methodologies
- Observable behavior and physiological responses are measured to infer cognitive processes, providing insights into mental activities.
- Donders’ subtractive logic helps analyze neuroimaging data by isolating the neural activity from different cognitive tasks.
- Tasks involving simple actions like looking at a fixation cross and reading a word allow for examination of associated neural activities.
Role of Models in Cognitive Psychology
- Cognitive psychology employs models to understand cognitive processes, focusing on process models (e.g., Broadbent, 1958) that characterize the mind rather than its physical workings (hardware).
- Models simplify complex mental phenomena, avoid unnecessary complexity tied to individual neurons, and inspire new research hypotheses.
- They are subject to continuous updating, revision, and potential falsification.
Contributions of Pioneers
- Simon & Cliff Shaw (1956) developed the Logic Theorist, early artificial intelligence that mimicked human-like reasoning for solving math problems.
- Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885) quantitatively studied memory using nonsense syllables, showing rapid memory decay followed by stabilization, illustrating that memory could be measured.
- Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, pioneering structuralism and the method of analytic introspection.
Important Figures in Cognitive Psychology
- William James (1890) published influential work "Principles of Psychology" discussing a variety of mental functions including attention, memory, and perception; emphasized the subjective nature of mental experiences.
- John Watson (1913) advocated for behaviorism, promoting the study of observable behavior over unobserved mental processes, marking a shift in psychological research focus.
Evolution of Research Methods
- Advancements in methodologies for studying the brain and cognitive processes include:
- First non-invasive EEG (Electroencephalogram) recordings in 1929
- First MEG (Magnetoencephalography) recordings in 1937
- First fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan in 1990
- The introduction of eye tracking technology in 1972
Modern Research Approaches
- Behavioral approach: Involves reaction time studies, memory experiments, and eye-tracking to examine the relation between stimuli and observed behaviors.
- Physiological approach: Utilizes EEG, MEG, fMRI, and measures like heart rate to relate stimuli to physiological responses and cognitive activity.
Memory and Forgetting
- Ebbinghaus's findings on forgetting highlighted that memory retention declines sharply within the first few days before plateauing, which has been corroborated by later studies.
- His work laid the groundwork for understanding memory quantification and the cognitive process behind recall attempts.
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Description
Explore the different methods used in cognitive psychology to infer mental processes, comparing the approaches of Donders and Ebbinghaus. Learn how observable behavior and physiological responses can provide insights into cognitive functions, despite the inability to directly measure mental processes.
