Cognitive Psychology: Donders vs Ebbinghaus
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Questions and Answers

What was Tolman's conclusion regarding the rat's behavior in the maze?

  • The rat relied on imitation and reinforcement.
  • It was solely based on stimulus-response connections.
  • The rat developed a cognitive map of the maze's layout. (correct)
  • The rat followed a fixed path throughout the maze.
  • In Skinner's 'Verbal Behavior', how did he explain children learning language?

  • Through observational learning exclusively.
  • By mapping out grammatical structures in their minds.
  • Through a combination of imitation and reinforcement.
  • Through imitation and reinforcement only. (correct)
  • What was Noam Chomsky's criticism of Skinner's 'Verbal Behavior' theory?

  • Children do not solely learn language through imitation and reinforcement. (correct)
  • Children never imitate speech they hear.
  • Children only learn language through imitation and reinforcement.
  • Children develop incorrect grammar through imitation only.
  • According to Tolman, what did the rat need to have developed to navigate the maze effectively?

    <p>A cognitive map of the maze's layout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Tolman's perspective challenge traditional behaviorism?

    <p>By introducing the concept of cognitive maps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Tolman propose was essential for the rat's navigation in the maze?

    <p>A cognitive map of the maze's layout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Franciscus Donders was one of the early pioneers of Cognitive Psychology.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cognitive revolution marked the abandonment of the study of the mind.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rationalism suggests acquiring knowledge through empirical evidence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Franciscus Donders' method to measure the mind is no longer used in experimental psychology today.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology as a scientific discipline has more philosophical antecedents than empirical ones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the time of Franciscus Donders' experiments, there were already established psychology laboratories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empiricism advocates for acquiring knowledge through experience and observation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cognitive system is known for being completely error-free.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Franciscus Donders' experiments were critiqued by Immanuel Kant for being unscientific.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of the mind has always been a prominent focus in psychological research.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary concern that led to the abandonment of the study of the mind in psychology, according to the behaviorist perspective?

    <p>The inability to observe mental processes objectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best represents William James' perspective on attention, as described in the given text?

    <p>Attention involves actively focusing on one aspect while ignoring others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which of the following statements accurately describes Edward Tolman's perspective on animal behavior?

    <p>Tolman's research suggested that rats formed cognitive maps to navigate mazes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately represents the historical context described in the text regarding the cognitive revolution?

    <p>The cognitive revolution marked a return to the study of the mind after being abandoned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, which of the following statements best describes the relationship between empiricism and the study of the mind?

    <p>Empiricism supports the study of the mind through experience and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Psychology and Methodologies

    • Observable behavior and physiological responses are measured to infer cognitive processes, providing insights into mental activities.
    • Donders’ subtractive logic helps analyze neuroimaging data by isolating the neural activity from different cognitive tasks.
    • Tasks involving simple actions like looking at a fixation cross and reading a word allow for examination of associated neural activities.

    Role of Models in Cognitive Psychology

    • Cognitive psychology employs models to understand cognitive processes, focusing on process models (e.g., Broadbent, 1958) that characterize the mind rather than its physical workings (hardware).
    • Models simplify complex mental phenomena, avoid unnecessary complexity tied to individual neurons, and inspire new research hypotheses.
    • They are subject to continuous updating, revision, and potential falsification.

    Contributions of Pioneers

    • Simon & Cliff Shaw (1956) developed the Logic Theorist, early artificial intelligence that mimicked human-like reasoning for solving math problems.
    • Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885) quantitatively studied memory using nonsense syllables, showing rapid memory decay followed by stabilization, illustrating that memory could be measured.
    • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, pioneering structuralism and the method of analytic introspection.

    Important Figures in Cognitive Psychology

    • William James (1890) published influential work "Principles of Psychology" discussing a variety of mental functions including attention, memory, and perception; emphasized the subjective nature of mental experiences.
    • John Watson (1913) advocated for behaviorism, promoting the study of observable behavior over unobserved mental processes, marking a shift in psychological research focus.

    Evolution of Research Methods

    • Advancements in methodologies for studying the brain and cognitive processes include:
      • First non-invasive EEG (Electroencephalogram) recordings in 1929
      • First MEG (Magnetoencephalography) recordings in 1937
      • First fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan in 1990
      • The introduction of eye tracking technology in 1972

    Modern Research Approaches

    • Behavioral approach: Involves reaction time studies, memory experiments, and eye-tracking to examine the relation between stimuli and observed behaviors.
    • Physiological approach: Utilizes EEG, MEG, fMRI, and measures like heart rate to relate stimuli to physiological responses and cognitive activity.

    Memory and Forgetting

    • Ebbinghaus's findings on forgetting highlighted that memory retention declines sharply within the first few days before plateauing, which has been corroborated by later studies.
    • His work laid the groundwork for understanding memory quantification and the cognitive process behind recall attempts.

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    Description

    Explore the different methods used in cognitive psychology to infer mental processes, comparing the approaches of Donders and Ebbinghaus. Learn how observable behavior and physiological responses can provide insights into cognitive functions, despite the inability to directly measure mental processes.

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