Cognitive Psychology Chapter 3-4
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Questions and Answers

Which concept suggests that specific areas of the brain are responsible for distinct abilities or behaviors?

  • Principle of Adaptation
  • Localization of Function (correct)
  • Cognitive Flexibility
  • Neural Plasticity

    • What is the primary focus of cognitive neuroscience?

  • The physical characteristics of the brain without considering behavior
  • How thoughts are exclusively shaped by evolution
  • Connecting neural functions to cognitive processing and behavior (correct)
  • Studying behaviors without any biological basis

    • What does research indicate about the relationship between the mind and the brain?

  • The mind is more important than the physical aspects of the brain
  • The mind functions independently of the brain
  • The mind is merely a product of brain activity (correct)
  • The mind and brain are entirely separate entities

    • What are adaptations in the context of cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Behaviors or traits that enhance reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the term 'neuroscience' first emerge as a field of study?

    <p>During the 1960s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the scientific method in this context?

    <p>To provide a systematic approach to studying processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cognitive neuroscience aim to influence social policies?

    <p>By understanding neuroscience related to addiction to inform punishments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the experiments conducted in the scientific method?

    <p>They are subjected to independent peer review and reproducibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do artificial neural networks play in cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>They assist in pattern recognition of brain activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT explicitly mentioned as being treated with scientific methods?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of preconscious processing refer to?

    <p>Information that currently lies outside of conscious awareness but is available for processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implications does modern neuroscientific research have on criminal punishment?

    <p>It may provide insights into more effective treatment and understanding of addiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive process is facilitated by prior presentation of stimuli, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are eyewitness testimonies considered unreliable in court?

    <p>The factors influencing memory are not well understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of brain interface devices are mentioned as restoring lost functions to individuals?

    <p>Devices such as cochlear implants and electrodes for paralyzed patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of attention in cognitive processing?

    <p>To actively process a limited amount of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does consciousness relate to awareness?

    <p>Consciousness includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of that awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the phenomenon where a person cannot recall a known word but can identify aspects of it?

    <p>Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes controlled processes?

    <p>Require intentional effort and are slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is automatization in the context of cognitive processes?

    <p>The transition from highly conscious tasks to relatively automatic ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Feature-Integration Theory suggest about our perception?

    <p>We have a mental map for integrating various features of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blindsight refers to individuals who claim to be blind but can:

    <p>Guess locations and orientations of objects accurately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the American prison population is estimated to have a mental illness?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when we become habituated to a stimulus?

    <p>We gradually notice it less and less over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines automatic processes in cognitive functioning?

    <p>Occur outside of conscious awareness with little effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dishabituation?

    <p>A change in a familiar stimulus that prompts renewed attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines sensory adaptation?

    <p>A physiological process occurring in the sensory organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory states that more similarity between target and distracters increases detection difficulty?

    <p>Similarity theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Vigilance and Signal Detection, what is the primary focus?

    <p>Detecting the presence or absence of a target stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Guided Search Theory, what are the two stages of a search?

    <p>Parallel and serial stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can enhance visual search according to Movement-Filter Theory?

    <p>Movement of the target stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does prolonged vigilance have according to the Mackworth study?

    <p>Significant deterioration in attention after a period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence search difficulty in similarity theory?

    <p>The size of the target stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between search and vigilance?

    <p>Search involves actively seeking out a target, while vigilance involves passively waiting for a signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon illustrates the difficulty of selectively attending to the color of ink and ignoring printed words?

    <p>Stroop Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which search strategy involves looking for distinctive features of a target?

    <p>Feature Search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of attention, what does shadowing refer to?

    <p>Repeating back only one message while ignoring others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model posits that we filter information right after it is registered at the sensory level?

    <p>Broadbent's Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the Cocktail Party Problem illustrate?

    <p>The difficulty in filtering irrelevant auditory information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are distracters in the context of attentional processes?

    <p>Nontarget stimuli that divert attention from the target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of automatic tasks compared to controlled tasks?

    <p>Automatic tasks can be performed simultaneously more efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Neuroscience Overview

    • Cognitive neuroscience connects brain function, cognitive processing, and behavior.
    • It studies how information is processed, memories built, and decisions made in the brain.
    • Localized brain functions indicate specific areas control distinct abilities or behaviors.

    Evolution and Adaptations

    • Adaptations are behaviors or traits enhancing reproductive success.
    • Current thoughts and behaviors may have adapted from ancestral benefits.

    Neuroscience Characteristics

    • Neuroscience is a young interdisciplinary field, integrating biology and psychology.
    • The term "neuroscience" emerged in the 1960s.

    Research Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience

    • The scientific method minimizes biases in studying cognitive processes.
    • Experimental cycles refine hypotheses through testing and independent peer review.

    Applications of Cognitive Neuroscience

    • Understanding decision-making aids in improving human choices.
    • Brain interface devices restore functions for paralyzed individuals and improve capabilities.

    Artificial Cognition

    • Artificial neural networks mimic brain functions to enhance computing abilities.
    • Ongoing research aims to replicate higher-level human cognition.

    Attention and Consciousness

    • Attention filters a limited amount of information from a vast sensory input.
    • Consciousness encompasses awareness of both feelings and content.

    Preconscious Processing

    • Preconscious processing allows cognitive operations on readily available, yet unrecognized information.
    • Priming demonstrates influence of prior presentations on processing new stimuli.

    Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

    • Occurs when an individual cannot retrieve a known word but can remember related attributes.

    Blindsight Phenomenon

    • Individuals with brain lesions may claim blindness but can accurately guess object locations and orientations.

    Controlled vs. Automatic Processes

    • Controlled processes require conscious effort and attention, while automatic processes occur without intentional effort.
    • Automatization transforms tasks from controlled to automatic through repeated practice.

    Attention Concepts

    • Vigilance involves sustained attention during prolonged situations.
    • Signal detection relies on identifying target stimuli in an environment.

    Search Mechanisms

    • Active searching contrasts with vigilance; searches scan for particular features.
    • Feature integration theory posits the use of mental maps to identify features of objects.

    Stroop Effect

    • The Stroop Effect demonstrates the struggle to focus on one stimulus while ignoring another (e.g., color of ink vs. word printed).

    The Cocktail Party Problem

    • Refers to the ability to concentrate on one conversation amidst others, depicting selective attention.

    Filter and Bottleneck Theories

    • Broadbent’s Model filters information after sensory registration.
    • Selective Filter models suggest some strong stimuli can break through initial filters, impacting attention allocation.

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    Cognitive Psychology Chapter 3: Cognitive Neuroscience PDF

    Description

    Explore the principles of cognitive neuroscience in this quiz based on Chapter 3 and 4. Understand how evolution shapes our thoughts and behaviors through various mechanisms. Test your knowledge on how adaptations influence cognitive processes and human behavior.

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