Cognitive Psychology Chapter 3-4

Questions and Answers

Which concept suggests that specific areas of the brain are responsible for distinct abilities or behaviors?

Principle of Adaptation

Localization of Function (correct)

Cognitive Flexibility

Neural Plasticity

What is the primary focus of cognitive neuroscience?

The physical characteristics of the brain without considering behavior

How thoughts are exclusively shaped by evolution

Connecting neural functions to cognitive processing and behavior (correct)

Studying behaviors without any biological basis

What does research indicate about the relationship between the mind and the brain?

The mind is more important than the physical aspects of the brain

The mind functions independently of the brain

The mind is merely a product of brain activity (correct)

The mind and brain are entirely separate entities

What are adaptations in the context of cognitive neuroscience?

Behaviors or traits that enhance reproductive success Signup and view all the answers

When did the term 'neuroscience' first emerge as a field of study?

During the 1960s Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the scientific method in this context?

To provide a systematic approach to studying processes Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive neuroscience aim to influence social policies?

By understanding neuroscience related to addiction to inform punishments Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the experiments conducted in the scientific method?

They are subjected to independent peer review and reproducibility Signup and view all the answers

What role do artificial neural networks play in cognitive neuroscience?

They assist in pattern recognition of brain activity Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT explicitly mentioned as being treated with scientific methods?

Schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of preconscious processing refer to?

Information that currently lies outside of conscious awareness but is available for processing Signup and view all the answers

What implications does modern neuroscientific research have on criminal punishment?

It may provide insights into more effective treatment and understanding of addiction Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive process is facilitated by prior presentation of stimuli, as mentioned in the content?

Priming Signup and view all the answers

Why are eyewitness testimonies considered unreliable in court?

The factors influencing memory are not well understood Signup and view all the answers

What kind of brain interface devices are mentioned as restoring lost functions to individuals?

Devices such as cochlear implants and electrodes for paralyzed patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of attention in cognitive processing?

To actively process a limited amount of information Signup and view all the answers

How does consciousness relate to awareness?

Consciousness includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of that awareness Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where a person cannot recall a known word but can identify aspects of it?

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes controlled processes?

Require intentional effort and are slow Signup and view all the answers

What is automatization in the context of cognitive processes?

The transition from highly conscious tasks to relatively automatic ones Signup and view all the answers

What does Feature-Integration Theory suggest about our perception?

We have a mental map for integrating various features of stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Blindsight refers to individuals who claim to be blind but can:

Guess locations and orientations of objects accurately Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the American prison population is estimated to have a mental illness?

25% Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when we become habituated to a stimulus?

We gradually notice it less and less over time Signup and view all the answers

What defines automatic processes in cognitive functioning?

Occur outside of conscious awareness with little effort Signup and view all the answers

What is dishabituation?

A change in a familiar stimulus that prompts renewed attention. Signup and view all the answers

What defines sensory adaptation?

A physiological process occurring in the sensory organ. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory states that more similarity between target and distracters increases detection difficulty?

Similarity theory Signup and view all the answers

In Vigilance and Signal Detection, what is the primary focus?

Detecting the presence or absence of a target stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

According to Guided Search Theory, what are the two stages of a search?

Parallel and serial stages. Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance visual search according to Movement-Filter Theory?

Movement of the target stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does prolonged vigilance have according to the Mackworth study?

Significant deterioration in attention after a period. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence search difficulty in similarity theory?

The size of the target stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between search and vigilance?

Search involves actively seeking out a target, while vigilance involves passively waiting for a signal. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon illustrates the difficulty of selectively attending to the color of ink and ignoring printed words?

Stroop Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which search strategy involves looking for distinctive features of a target?

Feature Search Signup and view all the answers

In the context of attention, what does shadowing refer to?

Repeating back only one message while ignoring others. Signup and view all the answers

Which model posits that we filter information right after it is registered at the sensory level?

Broadbent's Model Signup and view all the answers

What concept does the Cocktail Party Problem illustrate?

The difficulty in filtering irrelevant auditory information. Signup and view all the answers

What are distracters in the context of attentional processes?

Nontarget stimuli that divert attention from the target. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of automatic tasks compared to controlled tasks?

Automatic tasks can be performed simultaneously more efficiently. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognitive Neuroscience Overview

Cognitive neuroscience connects brain function, cognitive processing, and behavior.
It studies how information is processed, memories built, and decisions made in the brain.
Localized brain functions indicate specific areas control distinct abilities or behaviors.

Evolution and Adaptations

Adaptations are behaviors or traits enhancing reproductive success.
Current thoughts and behaviors may have adapted from ancestral benefits.

Neuroscience Characteristics

Neuroscience is a young interdisciplinary field, integrating biology and psychology.
The term "neuroscience" emerged in the 1960s.

Research Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience

The scientific method minimizes biases in studying cognitive processes.
Experimental cycles refine hypotheses through testing and independent peer review.

Applications of Cognitive Neuroscience

Understanding decision-making aids in improving human choices.
Brain interface devices restore functions for paralyzed individuals and improve capabilities.

Artificial Cognition

Artificial neural networks mimic brain functions to enhance computing abilities.
Ongoing research aims to replicate higher-level human cognition.

Attention and Consciousness

Attention filters a limited amount of information from a vast sensory input.
Consciousness encompasses awareness of both feelings and content.

Preconscious Processing

Preconscious processing allows cognitive operations on readily available, yet unrecognized information.
Priming demonstrates influence of prior presentations on processing new stimuli.

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

Occurs when an individual cannot retrieve a known word but can remember related attributes.

Blindsight Phenomenon

Individuals with brain lesions may claim blindness but can accurately guess object locations and orientations.

Controlled vs. Automatic Processes

Controlled processes require conscious effort and attention, while automatic processes occur without intentional effort.
Automatization transforms tasks from controlled to automatic through repeated practice.

Attention Concepts

Vigilance involves sustained attention during prolonged situations.
Signal detection relies on identifying target stimuli in an environment.

Search Mechanisms

Active searching contrasts with vigilance; searches scan for particular features.
Feature integration theory posits the use of mental maps to identify features of objects.

Stroop Effect

The Stroop Effect demonstrates the struggle to focus on one stimulus while ignoring another (e.g., color of ink vs. word printed).

The Cocktail Party Problem

Refers to the ability to concentrate on one conversation amidst others, depicting selective attention.

Filter and Bottleneck Theories

Broadbent’s Model filters information after sensory registration.
Selective Filter models suggest some strong stimuli can break through initial filters, impacting attention allocation.

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Description

Explore the principles of cognitive neuroscience in this quiz based on Chapter 3 and 4. Understand how evolution shapes our thoughts and behaviors through various mechanisms. Test your knowledge on how adaptations influence cognitive processes and human behavior.