Cognitive Processes and Developmental Philosophy
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of introspection in philosophy?

  • Examining inner ideas and experiences (correct)
  • Examining outer experiences
  • Analyzing scientific data
  • Studying physical health

    • Which philosopher is associated with the statement 'Cogito, ergo sum'?

  • John Locke
  • Plato
  • René Descartes (correct)
  • Immanuel Kant

    • What does rationalism primarily rely on for acquiring knowledge?

  • Introspection techniques
  • Observation of external phenomena
  • Empirical evidence
  • Thinking and logical analysis (correct)

    • What is a key difference between empiricism and rationalism?

    <p>Empiricism is based on experience and observation, while rationalism is based on thinking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Locke mean by 'tabula rasa'?

    <p>We are born with a blank slate that experiences write upon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does structuralism aim to understand?

    <p>The structure of the mind and its perceptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which philosophical approach is the function and purpose of thoughts emphasized?

    <p>Functionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept entails validating knowledge by its practical usefulness?

    <p>Pragmatics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does conscious attention play in our cognition?

    <p>It helps monitor interactions with the environment and link past and present experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the outcome of a 'miss' in Signal Detection Theory?

    <p>Failing to observe the presence of a target that is actually there. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does conscious attention assist in planning for future actions?

    <p>By assisting in linking past memories to present sensations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Signal Detection Theory highlight about attention?

    <p>It indicates how well one can detect stimuli among distractions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome in Signal Detection Theory indicates that a person incorrectly identifies a stimulus when it is actually not there?

    <p>False alarm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context can Signal Detection Theory be applied?

    <p>In examining attention, perception, and memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does attention affect our perception according to Signal Detection Theory?

    <p>It is crucial for noticing objects that are present in our environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of continuity of experience rely on?

    <p>The linking of past memories to present sensations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the short-term store in memory?

    <p>To hold memory for about 30 seconds to a minute (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Permastore differ from other types of memory storage?

    <p>It involves the indefinite storage of long-term knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Levels-of-Processing framework, deeper processing of an item is likely to result in what?

    <p>Enhanced understanding and retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core characteristic of the self-reference effect in memory recall?

    <p>Relating words to personal experiences boosts recall accuracy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate mental capacity of short-term memory, based on the provided information?

    <p>Approximately 7 items, plus or minus two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the selective filter model?

    <p>To weaken the impact of unattended material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the later-filter model, when is information filtered out?

    <p>After analysis of physical properties and meaning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence our ability to pay attention?

    <p>Task length (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'divided attention' refer to?

    <p>Performing more than one attention-demanding task simultaneously (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of executive attention?

    <p>To monitor and resolve conflicts among internal processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preattentive processes occur rapidly and in parallel?

    <p>Immediate filtering of sensory information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does arousal influence attention?

    <p>It enhances attention when feeling excited (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about task difficulty and attention?

    <p>More attention is needed for harder tasks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of within-item elaboration?

    <p>Describing a word by its characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of working memory is responsible for vocal rehearsal?

    <p>Phonological loop (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cowan, where is working memory located?

    <p>Embedded within long-term memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the central executive in working memory do?

    <p>Allocates attention and processes information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the episodic buffer allow us to do?

    <p>Integrate new and old experiences for problem-solving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of working memory handles visual imagery?

    <p>Visuospatial sketchpad (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phonological storage in working memory?

    <p>To hold verbal information temporarily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes between-item elaboration?

    <p>Connecting features of different items already stored in memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory stores personally experienced events?

    <p>Episodic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypermnesia referred to as?

    <p>The process of retrieving seemingly forgotten memories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of anterograde amnesia?

    <p>Inability to remember events after a traumatic incident (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with progressive memory loss in older adults?

    <p>Alzheimer’s disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the memory type responsible for knowing how to perform tasks, like driving?

    <p>Procedural memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential result of psychodynamic therapy as it relates to memory?

    <p>Uncovering repressed memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about semantic memory is true?

    <p>It stores general world knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes infantile amnesia?

    <p>Inability to recall early childhood experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Rationalism

    Knowledge is gained through thinking and logical analysis.

    Empiricism

    Knowledge comes from observation and experience.

    Cogito, ergo sum

    I think, therefore I am; the only proof of existence is thinking.

    Tabula rasa

    Blank slate; life and experience shape our minds and knowledge.

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    Structuralism

    Understanding mind's structure through introspection (self-observation).

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    Functionalism

    Understanding the purpose and function of the mind and behaviors.

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    Pragmatism

    Knowledge is judged by its usefulness.

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    Introspection

    Self-observation of one's own thoughts and experiences.

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    Consciousness

    Awareness of oneself and one's surroundings, including sensory experiences and thoughts.

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    Conscious Attention

    Focusing on a specific part of awareness, playing a key role in cognition.

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    Attention and Consciousness

    Closely related but partially separate sets, with attention influencing conscious awareness.

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    Signal Detection Theory (STD)

    A theory explaining how we detect signals (like a faint sound, or a subtle taste) in the presence of distractions.

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    Hits

    Correctly identifying a target stimulus.

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    False Alarms

    Incorrectly identifying a stimulus as a target when it was not present.

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    Misses

    Failing to detect a real target stimulus.

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    Correct Rejections

    Correctly identifying the absence of a target.

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    Sperling's experiment

    A study that examined how much information can be encoded in a brief glance.

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    Short-term memory (STM)

    A memory system that retains information for about 30 seconds to a minute.

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    STM capacity

    About 7 items, plus or minus 2

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    Long-term memory (LTM)

    A memory system that can store information for long periods, potentially indefinitely.

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    Levels-of-processing (LOP) framework

    A framework explaining that how you encode information affects how well you remember it.

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    Selective Filter Model (Moray)

    A model of attention where a filter weakens, rather than eliminates, unattended sensory information. Some important stimuli can bypass the filter.

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    Later Filter Model

    Stimuli are filtered after being analyzed for physical and semantic properties.

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    Preattentive Processes

    Rapid, parallel processing of stimuli. No meaning or relationship discernment.

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    Attentive Controlled Processes

    Later, more detailed processing in working memory. Occurs after preattentive.

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    Divided Attention

    Simultaneously engaging in multiple tasks.

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    Anxiety/Arousal

    Factors that influence attention. High anxiety hinders action; low arousal limits attention.

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    Task Difficulty

    More challenging tasks require more attention.

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    Attention Skills

    Practice enhances attention capacity in a given task.

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    Self-descriptive words

    Words that individuals consider personally relevant or closely aligned with their self-concept.

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    Within-item elaboration

    Enhancing memory by focusing on the specific characteristics or details of an individual item.

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    Between-item elaboration

    Improving memory by connecting the features of one item to those of other items already stored in memory.

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    Working memory

    The temporary storage and manipulation of information that is currently being used or attended to.

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    What does working memory hold?

    Working memory holds the most recently activated or conscious portion of long-term memory.

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    Visuospatial sketchpad

    A component of working memory responsible for holding and manipulating visual and spatial information.

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    Phonological loop

    A component of working memory responsible for storing and rehearsing verbal information.

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    Central executive

    The control center of working memory, directing attention, planning, and coordinating cognitive processes.

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    Semantic Memory

    Stores general knowledge about the world, like facts and concepts. It's not about personal experiences.

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    Episodic Memory

    Stores personal experiences, like what you had for breakfast or a specific day trip.

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    Mmemonist

    Someone with an exceptional memory, often using techniques to improve their recall.

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    Synesthesia

    Experiencing senses in a way they shouldn't be, like seeing colors when you hear sounds.

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    Hypermnesia

    Retrieving memories that seem lost or forgotten, often through therapeutic techniques.

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    Amnesia

    Severe loss of explicit memory, making it difficult to recall events.

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    Retrograde Amnesia

    Inability to remember events before a traumatic incident, like forgetting your childhood.

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    Anterograde Amnesia

    Inability to remember events after a traumatic incident, like forgetting what happened today.

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    Study Notes

    Cognitive Processes

    • Cognitive processes constantly happen in your mind, along with others.
    • Cognitive psychology studies how people perceive, learn, remember, and think.
    • A cognitive psychologist examines how people perceive things, remember facts, forget others, or learn languages.
    • Heuristics are mental shortcuts used to process information.
    • Dialectic is a developmental process where ideas evolve over time through discussion.

    Developmental Process

    • A dialectical process (CYCLE) includes THESIS, ANTITHESIS, and SYNTHESIS.
    • THESIS is a proposed statement of belief.
    • ANTITHESIS is a statement that counters a THESIS.
    • SYNTHESIS integrates the most credible features of two or more views.

    Philosophy

    • Philosophy explores the general nature of worldly aspects, ideas, and experiences, often through introspection.
    • Introspection involves examining inner ideas and experiences.

    Physiology

    • Physiology studies living functions through empirical methods.
    • Empirical methods rely on observation.

    Rationalism/Rationalists

    • Rationalists believe knowledge comes from thinking and logic.
    • Plato was a rationalist.
    • Rationalist theory relies on thinking without observation, meaning observation may not be valid.

    Empiricism/Empiricists

    • Empiricism/Empiricists study knowledge through experience and observation.
    • Aristotle was an empiricist.
    • Validating theories through observations without a theoretical framework may be meaningless.
    • Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am) - René Descartes' proof of existence through thought.
    • Tabula rasa (blank slate) - John Locke's idea that experience writes knowledge on us.
    • Immanuel Kant argued for the interaction of rationalism and empiricism in seeking truth.

    Approaches to Studying the Mind

    • Structuralism: aims to understand the mind's structure and its perceptions through introspection (conscious observation of thinking processes).
    • Functionalism seeks to understand how and why people do things, focusing on the processes of thought rather than contents, leading to pragmatism (solving problems).
    • Associationism: The theory that elements of the mind (ideas, events) are associated with one another for learning. Association can occur through contiguity, similarity, and contrast.
    • Behaviorism: focuses on observable behavior and environmental events, excluding the "black box" of the mind.
      • Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with a positive stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, unconditional response).
      • Operant Conditioning: Learning through reinforcement or punishment.
    • Gestalt Psychology: Focuses on the mind as organized wholes, rather than individual parts.
    • Cognitivism: Studies mental processes underlying behavior.

    Attention

    • Attention is actively selecting and processing limited information, involving both conscious and unconscious processes.
    • We filter relevant, desired information to take action based on selected information.

    Consciousness

    • Consciousness includes awareness's feeling and content.
    • Attention and consciousness have overlapping elements, with the latter playing a causal role in cognition.
    • Conscious attention guides interactions with the present and past, creating continuity of experience.

    Signal Detection Theory (STD)

    • People pick important stimuli (signals) from irrelevant stimuli (distractors) when trying to detect a target stimulus; this is affected by Hits, Misses, False Alarms, and Correct Rejections.
    • STD is helpful in understanding attention, perception, and memory.
    • Being able to pay attention to stimuli from a long period of time (vigilance) is an important part of finding and paying attention to meaningful targets from a wealth of irrelevant stimuli.
      • Searching for signals involves scanning the environment for specific features including color, shape, or size.

    Memory

    • Encoding: Transforming sensory input into a mental representation in memory.
    • Storage: Saving encoded information in memory.
    • Retrieval: Accessing stored information from memory.
    • Short Term Storage: primarily encoded acoustically.
    • Long Term Storage: primarily encoded semantically.
    • Two Key Problems in Transferring Information: Interference and Decay.
    • Declarative Memory: facts and knowledge.
    • Nondeclarative Memory: procedural memories (skills).
    • Consolidation: Integrating new information with existing knowledge.
    • Metamemory strategies: Reflecting on memory processes to optimize performance.
    • Metacognition: Thinking about thinking (thoughts about thoughts and strategies).

    Rehearsal

    • Elaborative Rehearsal: involves actively associating new information with existing knowledge; it connects information to form a more complete and easily retrieved idea.
    • Maintenance Rehearsal: repeats information to temporarily hold it in short-term memory without moving it to long-term memory.

    Types of Memory

    • Iconic Memory: brief sensory memory for visual information.
    • Short-Term Memory: temporarily stores limited information.
    • Long-Term Memory: permanently stores large amounts of information, including knowledge and skills. Types include implicit & explicit memory and further divided with semantic, episodic memory.

    Working Memory

    • Working memory is like the current "mental workspace" for actively using and manipulating information; it temporarily stores information to solve problems, maintain information, carry out complex reasoning, and hold information temporarily.
    • Phonological loop - briefly holding and rehearsing verbal information.
    • Central executive - supervising attention and internal processes.
    • Episodic buffer - consolidating information from different sources (memory).

    Deficient Memory

    • Amnesia: severe loss of explicit memory (retrograde (before trauma) or anterograde (after trauma)).
    • Infantile amnesia: inability to remember early childhood experiences.

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    Unit 1: Introduction To Cognitive Psychology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the interconnectedness of cognitive processes, their psychological implications, and the developmental dialectical cycle involving thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. It also touches upon philosophical introspection and empirical physiology. Test your knowledge on how these concepts shape human understanding and behavior.

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