Cognitive Neuroscience Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Cognitive Psychology?

  • Neurotransmitter functions
  • Brain activity
  • Mental operations and transformations (correct)
  • Stimulus-response mechanisms

    • Cognitive Neuroscience does not associate mental operations with brain activity.

    False

    Who devised an experiment demonstrating different mental representations of letters?

    Michael Posner

    Cognitive Psychology assumes that we are not ______ machines.

    <p>stimulus-response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of identity to its corresponding letter condition:

    <p>Physical identity = A-A Phonetic identity = a-A Category identity = A-U</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique did Posner use to demonstrate the impact of time intervals on reaction times?

    <p>Stimulus onset asynchrony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reaction time differences reflect the complexity of mental representations accessed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of representations did Michael Posner demonstrate exist for letters?

    <p>Different mental representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does double dissociation studies provide in understanding cognitive functions?

    <p>They demonstrate that specific tasks can have selective deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Double dissociations can occur without the involvement of healthy control subjects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of group studies compared to case studies?

    <p>Group studies may overlook specific deficits present in individual patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electroencephalogram and ____________ are used to measure the electrical activity associated with specific tasks.

    <p>magnetoencephalogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain imaging techniques with their primary function:

    <p>fMRI = Measures changes in blood flow related to neuronal activity EEG = Measures electrical activity of the brain TMS = Creates virtual lesions by disrupting cortical processing PET = Assesses metabolic activity via blood flow changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

    <p>It induces electrical pulses that briefly disrupt normal processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spatial resolution of EEG is superior to that of fMRI.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the specific anomia observed in the patient case mentioned?

    <p>Inability to name fruits or vegetables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In double dissociation studies, a group of patients displaying deficits in task A is compared to another group showing deficits in task __________.

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are case studies considered informative compared to group studies?

    <p>They provide detailed individual data that can reveal specific deficits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main findings from the Sternberg memory task?

    <p>Reaction times increase with the number of letters presented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory search operates in a parallel manner according to the Sternberg task.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Stroop task demonstrate about information processing?

    <p>It shows that information processing has limited capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique that uses micro-electrodes to record neuronal activity is called _____ recordings.

    <p>single cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Encoding = Target identification Comparing = Mental representation comparison Deciding = Determining if the target was held in memory Responding = Pressing a button to convey an answer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique allows for the study of gene functions in cognitive processes?

    <p>Knock-out and knock-in genetic studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Single cell recordings can only be performed on awake animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main limitations of individual neuron studies?

    <p>They do not fully explain how cognition occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dual tasks, subjects often experience increased reaction times due to _____ capacity.

    <p>limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key operation in the memory process according to Cognitive Psychology?

    <p>Comparative evaluation of targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Micro-electrodes cause significant damage when inserted into the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to integrate gene constructs into host genes in targeted approaches?

    <p>Viral vector genetic manipulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sternberg task, the _____ increases with the number of letters presented.

    <p>reaction time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the reaction times for target rejections in the Sternberg memory task?

    <p>They maintain the same slope as reaction times for positive matches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of high-speed bullets on the brain during wars?

    <p>Localized brain lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repeated mild traumatic brain injury can lead to early onset dementia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common cause of brain trauma.

    <p>Car accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The surgical removal of tissue to prevent seizures in epilepsy patients is known as _____ surgery.

    <p>functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurological conditions with their characteristics:

    <p>Epilepsy = Excessive and uncontrolled brain activity Stroke = Resulting in brain lesions and cognitive deficits Neurodegenerative diseases = Associated with aging and cognitive decline Traumatic brain injury = Resulting from incidents like sports or accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary focus of cognitive neuroscience?

    <p>Designing weapons for warfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is currently a common treatment for depression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern regarding post-mortem studies of the brain?

    <p>Additional damage over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional neurosurgery aims to alleviate a variety of _____ symptoms.

    <p>neurological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique allows for focused investigation of cognitive dysfunctions?

    <p>Brain imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive neuropsychologists design tasks to show single dissociations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one result of tumors on the brain?

    <p>Tissue damage due to pressure or removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cognitive dysfunction with their causes:

    <p>Epilepsy = Uncontrolled brain activity Stroke = Large brain lesions Traumatic brain injury = Incidents like sports injuries Neurodegenerative disease = Aging population impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does functional neurosurgery often involve for epilepsy patients?

    <p>Brain tissue extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive dysfunction typically yields insight into healthy cognitive function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Neuroscience Methods

    • Cognitive Psychology vs. Cognitive Neuroscience: Cognitive Psychology examines mental operations, assuming brains extract and process environmental information before action. Cognitive Neuroscience goes further, associating mental operations with brain areas, neuronal interactions, and neurotransmitters.

    Methods for Delineating Mental Representations and Operations

    • Mental Representations: Mental representations exist in different forms (e.g., physical, phonetic, categorical aspects of letters). Processing speed varies depending on the representation accessed. Different representations have varying complexities.

    • Mental Transformations: Representations are transformed during processing. Posner demonstrated this using stimulus onset asynchrony, where delays reduce reaction time differences between different representation types (e.g., physical vs. phonetic), showing transformations occur.

    • Mental Operations: Tasks are broken down into subtasks. The Sternberg memory task (identifying if a letter was in a set) showed that memory search is serial, with reaction time linearly increasing with the number of items in memory.

    Information Processing Limits

    • Limited Capacity: The Stroop effect illustrates that information processing has limits (e.g., difficulty ignoring distracting information). Dual tasks demonstrate similar limits, as added tasks increase reaction times and errors.

    Experimental Techniques

    Animal Research

    • Single-Cell Recordings: Micro-electrodes measure the electrical activity of individual neurons in anesthetized and awake animals. This reveals the neural basis of perception, attention, memory and decision-making.

    • Multi-Electrode Recordings: Advanced technology allows simultaneous recording from many electrodes to study neural networks, not just single cell activity.

    • Genetic Manipulations: "Knock-out" studies disable genes, while "knock-in" studies insert genes. Viral vector manipulation allows targeted gene insertion or conditional expression in specific brain cells. This gives insight into genes, molecules, and cell types associated with cognitive functions.

    Human Pathology (Neurology)

    • Brain Lesions: Brain injuries (from war, accidents, or disease) provide insights into relationship between brain areas and cognitive deficits. Localized lesions from precise injuries provide more focused information.

    • Cognitive Dysfunction: Studying patients with specific cognitive problems due to lesions allows scientists to associate behaviour with specific brain areas.

    • Group vs. Individual Studies: Group studies reveal commonalities while case studies detect subtle deficits.

    Functional Neurosurgery

    • Lesions as Insights: Focal brain tissue removal in epilepsy patients provides insights into how specific brain areas contribute to cognitive functions.

    • Brain Imaging: Modern brain imaging techniques allow direct mapping of affected areas, crucial for analyzing and correlating brain damage and cognitive defects.

    Single vs. Double Dissociations

    • Single Dissociation: One patient group shows deficit in Task A, but not Task B; the other group shows no issues. Inferences are limited.
    • Double Dissociation: Two patient groups exhibit selective deficits at two tasks. This is more powerful because neither task is more difficult.

    Measuring Electrical Brain Activity Non-invasively

    • EEG and MEG: These techniques measure electrical activity directly, giving excellent temporal resolution (but poorer spatial resolution) to track neuronal processing in relation to tasks.

    Virtual Lesions

    • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): Briefly disrupts normal cortical processing in healthy subjects, serving as a virtual lesion. Temporal and spatial resolution is important here for creating targeted "virtual disruptions".

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the methods used in cognitive neuroscience and how they differ from cognitive psychology. This quiz explores mental representations, transformations, and operations as they relate to brain processes and functions. Understand the complexities and variations in processing speed and representation types.

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