Cognitive Neuroscience: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the most severe form of intellectual disability caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

  • Dyslexia
  • Executive Dysfunction Disorder
  • Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

  • Hyperactivity
  • Difficulty in motor skills (correct)
  • Difficulties in learning and memory
  • Social/emotional difficulties

    • What structural change occurs in the brain due to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

  • Expansion of the brain's surface area
  • Stabilization of white-matter development
  • Increased gray-matter volume
  • Reductions in gray-matter volume (correct)

    • How does alcohol exposure during pregnancy primarily affect brain development?

    <p>Altered trajectory of white-matter development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive condition is considered a learning disability when only one cognitive domain is affected?

    <p>Dyslexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavioral characteristic seen in individuals with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

    <p>Poor impulse control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of dyslexia?

    <p>Deficit in phonological understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines dyslexia?

    <p>A specific reading disability despite adequate training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be deficient in individuals with dyslexia that affects phonological awareness?

    <p>Perceptual mechanisms for acquiring phonological awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main characteristics required for diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder?

    <p>Impairment in social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a common issue in dyslexia regarding language processing?

    <p>Poor communication between sensory regions and higher-level language regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dyslexia affect reading despite a person's capabilities?

    <p>It results in an inability to read words at an age-appropriate level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the opposite hemisphere play in recovery from brain damage?

    <p>It may take over some functions partially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area is primarily affected by damage to the primary motor cortex (M1)?

    <p>Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What variable can influence the degree of recovery from traumatic brain damage?

    <p>Individual differences among patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect besides M1, S1, and connecting pathways may be affected due to such brain damage?

    <p>Premotor cortex (PM).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the recovery of function after brain damage depend on?

    <p>Various personal and medical factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding brain function recovery?

    <p>Recovery can be influenced by the location and extent of brain damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the somatosensory cortex after an amputation?

    <p>It is reorganized to respond to neighboring body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause phantom limb sensations in amputees?

    <p>Stimulation of cells that used to code for the lost limb by new input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are sensory maps in the cortex maintained?

    <p>Through continual sensory input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cross-modal plasticity in the context of the cortex?

    <p>Rededication of cortex normally dedicated to one purpose for a different purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon may occur due to systematic changes in sensory input?

    <p>Phantom sensations in amputees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of brain plasticity?

    <p>The ability of the brain to recover from injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for the maintenance of sensory maps in the cortex?

    <p>Consistent sensory input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of losing a limb regarding the sensory cortex?

    <p>Reorganization leading to sensations from neighboring regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines true recovery in the context of rehabilitation?

    <p>Restoration of the original function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of recovery typically has a shorter window of time?

    <p>True recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Kennard principle associated with?

    <p>Earlier brain damage leads to better recovery outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the crowding hypothesis suggest about children with early brain damage?

    <p>They must compensate using intact brain areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes fluid intelligence as it relates to aging?

    <p>It typically declines more than crystallized intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability often improves with aging?

    <p>Emotion regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of early left-hemisphere damage?

    <p>Deficits in phonology, syntax, and linguistic semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception about interventions for stroke recovery is incorrect?

    <p>Compensatory strategies can only be used shortly after a stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the general decline viewpoint suggest about aging?

    <p>There is a general decline in abilities due to mental resource reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may cause worse long-term consequences from early brain damage?

    <p>Sensitive periods of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

    • Intellectual disabilities arise from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
    • Severity varies along a continuum, with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) being the most severe.

    Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

    • Symptoms include hyperactivity, poor impulse control, social and emotional difficulties, learning and memory issues, and executive dysfunction.
    • Physical manifestations: slowed growth, facial and cranial abnormalities.
    • Brain structural changes: reduced gray matter volume, altered white-matter development, particularly affecting frontal lobe connections throughout childhood and adolescence.

    Dyslexia

    • Identified as a specific reading disability; significant difficulty in reading despite appropriate training and intelligence.
    • Primarily characterized by phonological understanding deficits: struggle to connect letters with sounds and decode words into phonemes.
    • Potential issues with perceptual mechanisms essential for phonological awareness and communication among sensory and language regions.

    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

    • Diagnosis requires meeting two main criteria: impairment in social interaction across contexts.
    • Demonstrates variability in behavioral manifestations, requiring a nuanced understanding for effective diagnosis and support.

    Brain Plasticity in Adulthood

    • The somatosensory cortex can reorganize following amputation, with areas previously assigned to the lost limb becoming responsive to adjacent body parts.
    • Maps in sensory cortex rely on ongoing sensory input; systematic input changes can lead to remapping and phantom sensations in amputees.

    Cross-Modal Plasticity

    • Cortex regions can adapt for different functions; areas dedicated to one purpose may be repurposed for another, including compensation by regions in the opposite hemisphere.

    Recovery of Function

    • Damage to primary motor areas affects sensory and premotor cortices, altering inter-regional connectivity.
    • Recovery from brain damage varies among individuals, with physical and cognitive therapies playing key roles.

    Recovery vs. Compensation

    • True recovery involves restoring original function, while compensation refers to finding alternative methods to complete tasks.
    • The recovery window is shorter compared to the period for compensation, with true recovery primarily achievable within the first few months post-injury.

    Interventions to Promote Recovery

    • Specific training programs, such as physical therapy for motor issues post-stroke, emphasis on repetitive limb use or speech enhancement.
    • Stimulation methods, including Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), target damaged hemispheres or inhibit opposite ones to reduce competitive interference.

    Kennard Principle

    • Suggests earlier damage to the brain results in better recovery outcomes.
    • Evidence indicates early left-hemisphere damage may not lead to aphasia but might affect phonology and syntax; early right-hemisphere damage can cause spatial cognition difficulties similar to those in adults.

    Crowding Hypothesis

    • Children experiencing early brain damage may show improved recovery, but later developmental demands can reveal deficits as they tackle more complex tasks.
    • Intact brain regions must assume roles originally managed by damaged areas, potentially leading to cognitive overcrowding.

    Cognitive Changes with Aging

    • General decline hypothesis posits all cognitive abilities deteriorate with age, attributed to reduced mental resources or slowed processing.
    • Reality is selective decline: fluid intelligence diminishes while crystallized intelligence remains stable; emotional regulation tends to improve.
    • Greater cognitive decline observed in frontal and temporal regions compared to other areas.

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    Brain Development & Plasticity PDF

    Description

    Explore the impact of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy on fetal development. This quiz covers the continuum of severity for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, with a focus on the most severe form, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Test your knowledge on this crucial topic in cognitive neuroscience.

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