Questions and Answers
What is the most severe form of intellectual disability caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
What structural change occurs in the brain due to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
How does alcohol exposure during pregnancy primarily affect brain development?
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Which cognitive condition is considered a learning disability when only one cognitive domain is affected?
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What is a common behavioral characteristic seen in individuals with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
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What is a key characteristic of dyslexia?
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Which of the following accurately defines dyslexia?
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What may be deficient in individuals with dyslexia that affects phonological awareness?
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What is one of the main characteristics required for diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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What describes a common issue in dyslexia regarding language processing?
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How does dyslexia affect reading despite a person's capabilities?
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What role does the opposite hemisphere play in recovery from brain damage?
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Which area is primarily affected by damage to the primary motor cortex (M1)?
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What variable can influence the degree of recovery from traumatic brain damage?
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What aspect besides M1, S1, and connecting pathways may be affected due to such brain damage?
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What does the recovery of function after brain damage depend on?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding brain function recovery?
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What happens to the somatosensory cortex after an amputation?
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What can cause phantom limb sensations in amputees?
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How are sensory maps in the cortex maintained?
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What is cross-modal plasticity in the context of the cortex?
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What phenomenon may occur due to systematic changes in sensory input?
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Which of the following is an example of brain plasticity?
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Which factor is crucial for the maintenance of sensory maps in the cortex?
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What is a potential consequence of losing a limb regarding the sensory cortex?
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What defines true recovery in the context of rehabilitation?
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Which type of recovery typically has a shorter window of time?
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What is the Kennard principle associated with?
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What does the crowding hypothesis suggest about children with early brain damage?
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Which of the following best describes fluid intelligence as it relates to aging?
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What cognitive ability often improves with aging?
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What is a potential outcome of early left-hemisphere damage?
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What common misconception about interventions for stroke recovery is incorrect?
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What does the general decline viewpoint suggest about aging?
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What factor may cause worse long-term consequences from early brain damage?
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Study Notes
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
- Intellectual disabilities arise from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
- Severity varies along a continuum, with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) being the most severe.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- Symptoms include hyperactivity, poor impulse control, social and emotional difficulties, learning and memory issues, and executive dysfunction.
- Physical manifestations: slowed growth, facial and cranial abnormalities.
- Brain structural changes: reduced gray matter volume, altered white-matter development, particularly affecting frontal lobe connections throughout childhood and adolescence.
Dyslexia
- Identified as a specific reading disability; significant difficulty in reading despite appropriate training and intelligence.
- Primarily characterized by phonological understanding deficits: struggle to connect letters with sounds and decode words into phonemes.
- Potential issues with perceptual mechanisms essential for phonological awareness and communication among sensory and language regions.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- Diagnosis requires meeting two main criteria: impairment in social interaction across contexts.
- Demonstrates variability in behavioral manifestations, requiring a nuanced understanding for effective diagnosis and support.
Brain Plasticity in Adulthood
- The somatosensory cortex can reorganize following amputation, with areas previously assigned to the lost limb becoming responsive to adjacent body parts.
- Maps in sensory cortex rely on ongoing sensory input; systematic input changes can lead to remapping and phantom sensations in amputees.
Cross-Modal Plasticity
- Cortex regions can adapt for different functions; areas dedicated to one purpose may be repurposed for another, including compensation by regions in the opposite hemisphere.
Recovery of Function
- Damage to primary motor areas affects sensory and premotor cortices, altering inter-regional connectivity.
- Recovery from brain damage varies among individuals, with physical and cognitive therapies playing key roles.
Recovery vs. Compensation
- True recovery involves restoring original function, while compensation refers to finding alternative methods to complete tasks.
- The recovery window is shorter compared to the period for compensation, with true recovery primarily achievable within the first few months post-injury.
Interventions to Promote Recovery
- Specific training programs, such as physical therapy for motor issues post-stroke, emphasis on repetitive limb use or speech enhancement.
- Stimulation methods, including Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), target damaged hemispheres or inhibit opposite ones to reduce competitive interference.
Kennard Principle
- Suggests earlier damage to the brain results in better recovery outcomes.
- Evidence indicates early left-hemisphere damage may not lead to aphasia but might affect phonology and syntax; early right-hemisphere damage can cause spatial cognition difficulties similar to those in adults.
Crowding Hypothesis
- Children experiencing early brain damage may show improved recovery, but later developmental demands can reveal deficits as they tackle more complex tasks.
- Intact brain regions must assume roles originally managed by damaged areas, potentially leading to cognitive overcrowding.
Cognitive Changes with Aging
- General decline hypothesis posits all cognitive abilities deteriorate with age, attributed to reduced mental resources or slowed processing.
- Reality is selective decline: fluid intelligence diminishes while crystallized intelligence remains stable; emotional regulation tends to improve.
- Greater cognitive decline observed in frontal and temporal regions compared to other areas.
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Description
Explore the impact of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy on fetal development. This quiz covers the continuum of severity for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, with a focus on the most severe form, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Test your knowledge on this crucial topic in cognitive neuroscience.