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Questions and Answers
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment is known as ______.
consciousness
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus is called ______.
selective attention
The principle that information is often processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is known as ______.
dual processing
A periodic, natural loss of consciousness is referred to as ______.
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A sleep disorder characterized by recurring problems in falling or staying asleep is known as ______.
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Rapid Eye Movement sleep, often associated with vivid dreams, is known as ______ sleep.
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A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep is called ______.
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False sensory experiences, such as seeing something that isn’t there, are known as ______.
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According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream is known as its ______ content.
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The underlying meaning of a dream, distinct from its manifest content, is referred to as ______ content.
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The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation is known as ______ rebound.
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A disorder in which the paralysis normally associated with REM sleep is absent is known as REM Sleep ______ Disorder.
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A ______ drug is a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.
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The process by which our sensory receptors receive and represent stimulus energies is called ______.
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The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time is referred to as the ______ threshold.
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In psychology, the concept of ______ processing refers to analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.
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Study Notes
Consciousness and Cognitive Processes
- Consciousness encompasses awareness of self and the surroundings.
- Cognitive neuroscience merges disciplines to study brain activity related to cognition, including perception and memory.
- Selective attention refers to focusing awareness on a specific stimulus while ignoring others.
Perceptual Phenomena
- Inattentional blindness is the inability to see visible objects when attention is diverted.
- Change blindness involves failing to notice environmental changes, emphasizing limits of attention.
- Dual processing describes simultaneous processing of information through conscious and unconscious pathways.
Visual Processing and Awareness
- Blindsight allows individuals to respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness of seeing.
- Parallel processing enables simultaneous handling of multiple aspects of problems in the brain.
- Sequential processing tackles problems aspect-by-aspect, typically for new or complex tasks.
Sleep and Its Stages
- Sleep represents a periodic natural loss of consciousness, distinct from coma or hibernation.
- Circadian rhythm is the biological clock governing recurring bodily rhythms across a 24-hour cycle.
- REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, and relaxed muscles, often termed paradoxical sleep.
Brain Waves and Sleep Disorders
- Alpha waves signify a relaxed, awake brain state, while delta waves relate to deep sleep.
- Hallucinations may occur, manifesting false sensory experiences without external stimuli.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia involves recurring difficulties in initiating or maintaining sleep.
- Narcolepsy leads to sudden sleep attacks, often diving directly into REM sleep.
- Sleep apnea features temporary breathing interruptions during sleep along with frequent awakenings.
- Night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep and present as high arousal and terror, unlike nightmares.
Dream Analysis
- Dreams consist of an array of sensory experiences and thoughts, often remembered with notable imagery and incongruities.
- Manifest content relates to the remembered storyline of a dream, while latent content refers to its hidden meanings.
Sleep Phenomena
- REM rebound occurs, increasing REM sleep duration following deprivation.
- REM sleep behavior disorder features lack of paralysis during REM sleep, prompting physical activity like talking or walking.
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation involves sensory receptors processing stimuli from the environment.
- Gustation refers specifically to the sense of taste.
- Perception organizes and interprets sensory information to recognize meaningful events.
Processing Types
- Bottom-up processing starts with sensory receptors, leading to brain integration of information.
- Top-down processing utilizes existing knowledge and expectations to interpret sensations.
Transduction and Psychophysics
- Transduction converts various forms of energy (sights, sounds) into neural impulses for brain interpretation.
- Psychophysics examines how physical stimulus characteristics relate to psychological experiences.
Thresholds in Sensory Detection
- Absolute threshold indicates the minimum stimulus required for detection 50% of the time.
- Signal detection theory predicts the ability to identify faint stimuli amid background noise.
- Difference threshold (just noticeable difference) is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.
Subliminal Perception and Priming
- Subliminal refers to stimuli that evade conscious awareness because they fall below the absolute threshold.
- Priming activates specific associations within memory, often unconsciously, influencing perceptions and responses.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in cognitive neuroscience, focusing on consciousness, attention, and perception. Dive into topics like selective attention, inattentional blindness, and dual processing to enhance your understanding of how we interact with our environment.
