28 Questions
Who is credited with the roots of cognitive learning?
Edward Tolman
When did cognitive learning become popular again?
1990s
What is observational learning based on?
Internal mental processes
According to the cognitive perspective, people are seen as:
Problem solvers using information to master their environment
What is the 'Insight' in cognitive learning?
Sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution
What did Thorndike study in relation to learning?
How cats learned to escape from a puzzle box to get food
Which psychologist studied how chimpanzees learned to obtain bananas out of reach using problem-solving skills?
Wolfgang Köhler
What did Sultan, the chimpanzee, use to reach the banana in Köhler's experiment?
A box
Who proposed the social cognitive learning theory?
Albert Bandura
What form of tool use have dolphins at Shark Bay, Australia, been observed to demonstrate?
Using sponges to protect their rostrums
Where have Capuchin monkeys been seen using stones as hammers?
Parnaiba Headwaters National Park
What did the Bobo doll experiment demonstrate about children's behavior?
Not all children perform the learned behaviors
How did girls in the Bobo doll experiment behave after observing a model being punished for aggression?
They showed fewer aggressive behaviors
What does the learning-performance distinction suggest?
Learning may occur without immediate apparent performance
'Cognitive maps' theory is associated with which psychologist's work?
Edward Tolman
What does 'latent learning' refer to based on Tolman's cognitive behaviorism?
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and is not demonstrated until different conditions are met
According to Tolman's experiment with rats in a maze, which of the following statements is true?
The rat quickly learned to take the next shortest path when the shortest path was blocked, indicating the development of a cognitive map.
In Tolman and Honzik's experiment, which type of learning appears to take place in the absence of any reward?
Response learning
What did Menzel's field experiment demonstrate about cognitive maps?
Cognitive maps allow animals to find food economically after just one attempt.
What is an internal representation of one's surroundings called?
Cognitive map
In Tolman's experiment with rats, why did the rat select the next shortest path when the original shortest path was blocked?
The rat had developed a cognitive map of the maze.
What does Tolman's experiment with rats suggest about learned behavior?
Learned behavior is not important in comparison to the location of food.
What type of learning is demonstrated when an animal finds food economically after just one attempt?
'Trial and error' learning
In Menzel's field experiment, what did the natural setting provide for the chimpanzee?
'Trial and error' learning opportunities
What was Tolman referred to as, based on his theories?
'Cognitive behaviorism' theorist
'Place learning' refers to:
'Cognitive map' based learning of specific locations
In Tolman's experiment, what did the rat select when the shortest path to the food box was blocked?
The next shortest path available
What does Tolman's experiment challenge for behaviorists?
The idea that learning cannot occur without reinforcement
Study Notes
- Wolfgang Köhler studied how chimpanzees learned to obtain bananas out of reach using a box and their own problem-solving skills.
- In this experiment, a chimpanzee named Sultan was unable to reach a banana hanging from the ceiling, so he moved the box to climb and grab it.
- Köhler's findings showed that Sultan learned to use the box as a tool to reach the banana, demonstrating insight learning.
- Social cognitive learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing others and applying the observed behavior to one's own environment.
- Dolphins at Shark Bay, Australia, have been observed using sponges to protect their rostrums while foraging, a form of tool use.
- Capuchin monkeys have been seen using stones as hammers to crack open nuts in Brazil's Parnaiba Headwaters National Park.
- The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children observe and imitate the behaviors of others, but not all children perform the learned behaviors.
- Girls in the Bobo doll experiment showed fewer aggressive behaviors after observing a model being punished for aggression, but more aggressive behaviors with a reward.
- The learning-performance distinction shows that learning may occur but may not always be immediately apparent in performance.
- Tolman's cognitive maps theory suggests that animals and humans create mental representations of their environments to aid in navigation and goal-directed behavior.
- Latent learning, a concept from Tolman's cognitive behaviorism, refers to learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and is not demonstrated until different conditions are met.
Test your knowledge of cognitive learning and its historical roots, including the work of Edward Tolman, its revival, and its relevance in explaining animal and human behavior. Explore the impact of cognitive learning in the development of cognitive neuroscience.
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