Cognitive Development Stages and Theorists

Cognitive Development

• Cognitive development refers to the process of acquiring, refining, and using mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, and problem-solving.
• Key theorists:
  • Jean Piaget: proposed that cognitive development occurs through four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
  • Lev Vygotsky: emphasized the role of social interaction and culture in shaping cognitive development.
• Important concepts:
  • Schemas: mental frameworks that organize and process information.
  • Assimilation: incorporating new information into existing schemas.
  • Accommodation: changing existing schemas to fit new information.

Conditional Learning

• Conditional learning refers to the process of associating stimuli with consequences or outcomes.
• Types of conditional learning:
  • Classical conditioning: learning through association between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).
  • Operant conditioning: learning through consequences of behavior (e.g., rewards or punishments).
• Key concepts:
  • Association: linking stimuli with consequences.
  • Reinforcement: strengthening behavior through rewards or punishments.
  • Extinction: weakening behavior through removal of rewards or punishments.

Social Cognition

• Social cognition refers to the process of thinking about and understanding other people and social situations.
• Key concepts:
  • Attribution theory: attributing causes to behavior or events.
  • Social influence: the process of shaping behavior or attitudes through social interactions.
  • Impression formation: forming opinions or impressions of others based on limited information.
• Important theories:
  • Social identity theory: people derive identity and belonging from group memberships.
  • Self-perception theory: people form attitudes and opinions based on their own behavior.

Memory Formation

• Memory formation refers to the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
• Key concepts:
  • Encoding: processing information into a form that can be stored in memory.
  • Storage: retaining information in memory over time.
  • Retrieval: accessing stored information from memory.
• Important theories:
  • Levels of processing theory: memory is influenced by the level of processing (shallow or deep) during encoding.
  • Information processing model: memory is a multi-stage process involving encoding, storage, and retrieval.
  • Atkinson-Shiffrin model: memory consists of three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Cognitive Development

• Cognitive development is the process of acquiring, refining, and using mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, language, and problem-solving.
• Jean Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
• Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interaction and culture in shaping cognitive development.
• Schemas are mental frameworks that organize and process information.
• Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas.
• Accommodation is the process of changing existing schemas to fit new information.

Conditional Learning

• Conditional learning is the process of associating stimuli with consequences or outcomes.
• There are two types of conditional learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
• Classical conditioning is learning through association between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli, as demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs.
• Operant conditioning is learning through consequences of behavior, such as rewards or punishments.
• Association is the linking of stimuli with consequences.
• Reinforcement strengthens behavior through rewards or punishments.
• Extinction weakens behavior through removal of rewards or punishments.

Social Cognition

• Social cognition is the process of thinking about and understanding other people and social situations.
• Attribution theory is the process of attributing causes to behavior or events.
• Social influence is the process of shaping behavior or attitudes through social interactions.
• Impression formation is the process of forming opinions or impressions of others based on limited information.
• Social identity theory states that people derive identity and belonging from group memberships.
• Self-perception theory states that people form attitudes and opinions based on their own behavior.

Memory Formation

• Memory formation is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
• Encoding is the process of processing information into a form that can be stored in memory.
• Storage is the process of retaining information in memory over time.
• Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information from memory.
• The levels of processing theory states that memory is influenced by the level of processing (shallow or deep) during encoding.
• The information processing model states that memory is a multi-stage process involving encoding, storage, and retrieval.
• The Atkinson-Shiffrin model states that memory consists of three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.