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Questions and Answers
What is cognition according to Piaget?
What is cognition according to Piaget?
Why did Piaget call children 'scientists'?
Why did Piaget call children 'scientists'?
What is the primary function of schemas in cognitive development?
What is the primary function of schemas in cognitive development?
What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
What is the process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure?
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What is the characteristic of a child in the sensorimotor stage?
What is the characteristic of a child in the sensorimotor stage?
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What is the primary characteristic of the preoperational stage?
What is the primary characteristic of the preoperational stage?
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What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
What happens when there is an inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned?
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What is the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
What is the process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema?
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What is a characteristic of a child in the concrete operational stage?
What is a characteristic of a child in the concrete operational stage?
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What is the primary role of language in the social constructivist theory of cognitive development?
What is the primary role of language in the social constructivist theory of cognitive development?
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
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What is the main criticism of Piaget's theory?
What is the main criticism of Piaget's theory?
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What is the primary goal of scaffolding in learning?
What is the primary goal of scaffolding in learning?
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What is the characteristic of a child in the preoperational stage?
What is the characteristic of a child in the preoperational stage?
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Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
Who introduced the concept of scaffolding?
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What is the age range for the formal operational stage?
What is the age range for the formal operational stage?
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Study Notes
Cognition
- Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
- Piaget's theory is the most widely known theory of cognitive development.
- He believed children are like "scientists" who test and explore hypotheses about the world by reflecting on their experiences.
- Three key components of cognitive models:
- Schemas: how knowledge is organized and represented
- Adaptation processes: processes that enable learning and transition from one stage to another
- Stages of development
Adaptation Processes
- Equilibrium: existing schemas can explain what has been perceived
- Disequilibrium: inconsistency between a learner's cognitive structure and the thing being learned
- Assimilation: process of adding new experience or information to an existing cognitive structure (when in equilibrium)
- Accommodation: process of reorganizing thoughts when new information does not fit the schema (when in disequilibrium)
Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years):
- Explore the world through senses and motor activity
- Early on, babies can't differentiate between themselves and the environment
- Begin to understand cause and effect
- Can later follow something with their eyes
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years):
- Rapidly developing language and communication
- Can imagine the future and reflect on the past
- Develop basic numerical abilities
- Difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years):
- Abstract reasoning ability and ability to generalize from the concrete increases
- Understand conservation of matter
- Understand hierarchic categories
- Ability in seriation
- Can see more than one aspect of a problem at a time, see things as reversible and changeable, and make inferences about reality
- Formal Operations Stage (12-15 years):
- Adult thinking
- Able to think about hypothetical situations
- Form and test hypotheses
- Organize information
- Reason scientifically
Criticisms of Piaget
- Tasks were methodologically flawed
- Underestimated the impact of culture
Lev Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory
- Highlights the role of social and cultural interactions in cognitive development
- Importance of language:
- Learning happens through interactions with others
- Allows us to represent reality and to distance the individual in relation to here and now
- Allows users to communicate with each other
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD):
- Lower limit: child working independently (actual developmental level)
- Upper limit: level of potential skill that the child can reach with assistance
- Scaffolding: an instructional technique in which a teacher provides individualized support by gradually improving a learner's ability to the next level based on prior knowledge.
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Description
Explore the concept of cognition and Piaget's widely known theory of cognitive development, including schemas and adaptation processes.
