Cognitive Biases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which brain system is responsible for quick, instinctive reactions to everyday situations?

  • System 1 (correct)
  • System B
  • System A
  • System 2

    • Which brain system relies on heuristics and shortcuts to make rapid judgments and decisions?

  • System 2
  • System A
  • System B
  • System 1 (correct)

    • Which brain system is responsible for more complex reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making?

  • System 1
  • System A
  • System B
  • System 2 (correct)

    • Which brain system functions automatically and out of our awareness, often called 'intuition' or a 'gut feeling'?

    <p>System 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is intuition often linked to?

    <p>System 1 thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Advocates of 'intuitive management' suggest trusting hunches and non-logical, right-brain thinking for which of the following?

    <p>Judgments about others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can unconscious processing occur without?

    <p>Conscious awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can subliminal stimuli influence?

    <p>Emotions and perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can illusory intuition and overconfidence lead to?

    <p>Illusion, misinterpretation, and false beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is overconfidence?

    <p>A cognitive bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can fuel overconfidence?

    <p>Incompetence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kahneman and Tversky illustrate overconfidence by asking people to provide ranges for?

    <p>Factual questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do people often neglect when predicting future behavior?

    <p>External factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can overconfidence have significant consequences in?

    <p>Various aspects of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of consciousness training?

    <p>To develop a deeper understanding of one's thoughts, emotions, and consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is subliminal priming?

    <p>Activation of mental associations below conscious perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can imperceptible stimuli prime behavior?

    <p>By leading to increased altruism through exposure to religious words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how everyday experiences and moods can prime perceptions and behaviors?

    <p>Impacting interpretations of events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operates automatically and is driven by processes outside conscious awareness?

    <p>Social cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do physical sensations influence social judgments and attitudes?

    <p>Feeling cold can lead to perceptions of a colder environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can synchronization of bodily movements lead to?

    <p>Increased rapport, empathy, and conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can intuitive thinking be powerful and efficient in, but may lead to illusions and misinterpretations?

    <p>Cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does priming involve?

    <p>Activation of mental associations, shaping thoughts and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of consciousness training?

    <p>To enhance self-awareness and develop a deeper understanding of one's thoughts, emotions, and consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does social cognition operate?

    <p>Automatically and is driven by processes outside conscious awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the activation of mental associations that shape thoughts and behaviors often occurring unconsciously?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to happen to confidence as the moment of truth approaches?

    <p>It drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are overconfident individuals often perceived in social contexts?

    <p>More favorably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of overconfidence in various aspects of life?

    <p>Unrealistic expectations and underestimation of obstacles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is confirmation bias?

    <p>Tendency to seek information that confirms existing beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can mitigate the effects of confirmation bias?

    <p>Conscious reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consistently outperforms intuitive judgments?

    <p>Statistical predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do decision-makers often trust more than statistical data?

    <p>Intuitive judgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mutual fund portfolios selected by investment analysts perform about as well as?

    <p>Randomly selected stocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In one study, what happened to overconfident students who thought they were more accurate than they actually were?

    <p>They did worse on a test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of confirmation bias on self-images?

    <p>It plays a role in maintaining stable self-images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency of people towards highly confident individuals?

    <p>They tend to like and reward them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of confirmation bias on choices of social connections and information sources?

    <p>It impacts choices of social connections and information sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the unreliability of graduate admissions interviews compared to standardized variables like GPA and aptitude test scores?

    <p>They rely on intuition over statistical prediction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to unwavering and dogmatic statements?

    <p>Overconfidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can overconfidence be reduced?

    <p>Prompt feedback and considering disconfirming information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can managers and decision-makers do to foster realistic judgments?

    <p>Require proposals and recommendations to include reasons why they might not work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are heuristics primarily used for?

    <p>Quick thinking and forming impressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the representativeness heuristic involve?

    <p>Making judgments based on how closely something matches our mental representation of a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conjunction fallacy?

    <p>Mistakenly believing that the conjunction of two events is more likely than either event occurring individually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the availability heuristic lead us to judge the likelihood of an event based on?

    <p>How easily examples related to that event come to mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the availability heuristic influence perceived risk?

    <p>By overestimating the likelihood of certain events due to their availability in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of the availability heuristic influencing perception?

    <p>Media coverage influencing perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the availability heuristic lead people to focus on in decision-making?

    <p>Vivid, easy-to-imagine events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the availability heuristic influence the assessment of likelihood and risk?

    <p>By leading to biases and inaccuracies in assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Biases and Decision Making

    • Studies have explored combining statistical prediction with expert intuition to improve predictions, but ignoring expert "improvements" tends to result in better predictions.
    • Graduate admissions interviews may not be as reliable as standardized variables like GPA and aptitude test scores, and relying on intuition over statistical prediction is considered unethical.
    • Overconfidence can lead to unwavering and dogmatic statements, and it's important to maintain a balance between self-confidence and realistic judgment.
    • Techniques for reducing overconfidence include prompt feedback and considering disconfirming information to make more realistic assessments.
    • Managers and decision-makers can foster realistic judgments by requiring proposals and recommendations to include reasons why they might not work.
    • Heuristics are mental shortcuts used for quick thinking, and they help form impressions, make judgments, and create explanations quickly.
    • The representativeness heuristic involves making judgments based on how closely something matches our mental representation of a category and can lead to errors when the base rate is not considered.
    • People often mistakenly believe that the conjunction of two events is more likely than either event occurring individually, known as the conjunction fallacy.
    • The availability heuristic leads us to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples related to that event come to mind and can lead to biases and inaccuracies in our assessments of likelihood and risk.
    • Examples of the availability heuristic include media coverage influencing perception and overestimation of certain groups due to vividness and memorability of information.
    • The availability heuristic can lead to biases in decision-making as people tend to focus on vivid, easy-to-imagine events and may underestimate the likelihood of less memorable events.
    • It can also influence perceived risk, as people may overestimate the likelihood of certain events due to their availability in memory.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of cognitive biases and decision making with this quiz. Explore topics such as overconfidence, heuristics, and the impact of biases on judgment and decision-making processes. Dive into the nuances of cognitive biases and their effects on our everyday reasoning and choices.

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