Cognitive Biases and Problem-Solving

Questions and Answers

Qu'est-ce que la tâche de Wason des quatre cartes a révélé?

Les participants ont tendance à être influencés par des biais cognitifs.

Qu'est-ce que la heuristique de représentativité?

Une méthode de jugement de probabilité basée sur la ressemblance avec l'image prototypique

Qu'est-ce que l'effet d'ancrage?

Lorsque les participants sont influencés par une valeur numérique initiale lors de la prise de décision.

Qu'est-ce que la chute de conjonction?

Lorsque les participants font des jugements basés sur les traits les plus représentatifs plutôt que sur un raisonnement logique Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce que la mémoire de travail?

Un espace de stockage à court terme pour l'information cognitive Signup and view all the answers

Comment la formulation d'un problème peut-elle influencer les décisions des participants?

En fournissant des informations différentes qui peuvent ancrer l'esprit des participants. Signup and view all the answers

Qu'est-ce que la tâche de la Tour de Hanoi?

Une tâche de raisonnement qui nécessite moins de mémoire de travail que la tâche de l'ascenseur. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The acquisition of the notion of identity is applied to all types of content once acquired.
Initially, reasoning was considered to involve logical strategies.
Until the 1960s, reasoning was believed to involve logical/abstract knowledge.
Wason's work revolutionized this way of thinking about reasoning.
Humans often reason in a non-logical way.
Many studies on reasoning were developed from the 1960s.
Wason's task of the four cards highlighted confirmation bias.
Participants often make mistakes in reasoning tasks.
The task involved playing cards with letters and numbers on each side.
The answer to the task was A7, not A3, due to confirmation bias.
Categorization is based on prototypical traits.
Participants judge probabilities based on how closely they resemble the prototypical image.
Kahneman and Tversky's experiment showed participants judged a series of FGFGGF as more likely than FGFFFF.
Slovic's study showed students believed guns killed less than tobacco, while experts knew the opposite.
Heuristics are mental shortcuts used to make judgments.
The representativeness heuristic is based on how closely something resembles a prototype.
The conjunction fallacy is when people make judgments based on the most representative traits rather than logical reasoning.
The conjunction fallacy can lead to erroneous probability judgments.
The prototypical image is a key factor in the representativeness heuristic.
The representativeness heuristic can lead to biased judgments.
Anchoring effect can influence people's judgments and decisions.
Participants exposed to a high anchor estimate more glass breakage compared to those exposed to a low anchor.
Anchors can modify participants' memories.
The formulation of a problem can change people's decisions.
Different versions of a problem may highlight different information, leading people's minds to anchor on it.
In an experiment, half the participants were asked if they would still buy a theater ticket after losing $10 on the way, while the other half were asked if they would buy a new ticket after losing the original one.
88% of participants in the first version of the problem answered yes.
Participants' judgments can be influenced by how a problem is presented.
Anchoring effect and formulation effect are cognitive biases.
These biases can affect decision-making in various situations.
Participants add constraints to problems that are not in the original statement.
The working memory is crucial for problem-solving as it stores and manipulates task parameters.
Working memory is a short-term storage space where cognitive information is processed.
Different problem contexts can cause significant differences in the working memory load.
Our adaptive functioning automatically provides us with the knowledge needed to solve daily situations.
The knowledge that automatically arrives in the working memory occupies space.
The more knowledge that arrives automatically, the less space is available for reasoning.
The Tower of Hanoi problem requires less working memory than the elevator problem.
The elevator problem has a lot of knowledge available, but it is not useful for solving the problem.
The monsters problem has few available clues, making it a challenging problem.