Social Psychology Week 5
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing?

  • Top-down processing ignores prior knowledge, while bottom-up processing does not.
  • Top-down is concept driven, while bottom-up is perception based. (correct)
  • Top-down is data driven while bottom-up uses prior knowledge.
  • Top-down processes rely heavily on sensory input, whereas bottom-up processes rely on preconceptions.

    • Which heuristic suggests that individuals judge the frequency of occurrences based on how easily they can remember similar occurrences?

  • Representativeness heuristic
  • Anchoring heuristic
  • Status quo heuristic
  • Availability heuristic (correct)

    • What does status quo heuristic explain in decision making?

  • The tendency to be influenced by irrelevant information.
  • Decision making based on logical analysis rather than assumptions.
  • Preference for change and adaptation to new situations.
  • Believing the current state of affairs is optimal. (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the representativeness heuristic?

    <p>Assuming someone belongs to a group based on their similarities to group members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using heuristics in decision-making?

    <p>They are not always accurate and can lead to biases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the anchoring and adjustment heuristic function in decision making?

    <p>By relying on an irrelevant initial figure to make subsequent judgments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive bias is demonstrated when vague personality statements are perceived as accurate by many individuals?

    <p>Barnum effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does heuristics play in decision making when information is scarce?

    <p>Heuristics simplify choices by reducing cognitive load.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of schemas in social cognition?

    <p>To organize and guide social information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do schemas influence attention in social cognition?

    <p>They direct attention to consistent information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive load refer to in the context of dual processing?

    <p>The amount of mental processing we can handle at once</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does priming have on schemas?

    <p>It heightens the activation of a schema due to context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes automatic thinking in social cognition?

    <p>It is nonconscious, unintentional, and effortless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process does cognitive load shifting facilitate?

    <p>Switching between intuition and logic in thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the retrieval process in schemas?

    <p>More consistent information is remembered, but inconsistent information can be recalled as well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of unpriming on schemas?

    <p>It diminishes the potential activation of a schema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Processing

    • Top-down processing relies on prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret sensory information. It is a conceptually-driven approach.
    • Bottom-up processing starts with sensory input and works its way up to higher-level processing. It is data-driven.

    Availability Heuristic

    • The availability heuristic suggests individuals judge the frequency of events based on how readily they can recall examples.

    Status Quo Heuristic

    • The status quo heuristic explains the tendency to favor the current state of affairs when making decisions.

    Representativeness Heuristic

    • The representativeness heuristic evaluates the likelihood of something based on how well it matches a prototype or stereotype.

    Drawbacks of Heuristics

    • A potential drawback of using heuristics is that they can lead to cognitive biases, which are systematic errors in thinking.

    Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

    • The anchoring and adjustment heuristic involves starting with an initial anchor value and then adjusting it based on available information.

    Barnum Effect

    • The Barnum effect describes the tendency to perceive vague personality statements as accurate, even though they could apply to almost anyone.

    Heuristics in Scarce Information Environments

    • When information is scarce, heuristics play a crucial role in helping us make decisions quickly and efficiently.

    Schemas in Social Cognition

    • Schemas are mental frameworks that organize our knowledge about people, objects, and events. They help us make sense of the world.

    Schemas and Attention

    • Schemas influence attention by guiding us to pay attention to information that is consistent with our existing beliefs and expectations.

    Cognitive Load in Dual Processing

    • Cognitive load refers to the mental effort required to process information. When cognitive load is high, we are more likely to rely on automatic processes.

    Priming and Schemas

    • Priming refers to the activation of a schema by exposure to a related stimulus. Priming can make a schema more accessible and likely to influence our behavior.

    Automatic Thinking

    • Automatic thinking is characterized by being effortless, unconscious, and based on heuristics and schemas.

    Cognitive Load Shifting

    • Cognitive Load Shifting facilitates a smooth transition between automatic and controlled processing depending on cognitive load.

    Schema Retrieval Process

    • The retrieval process in schemas involves accessing and bringing to mind relevant information from a schema.

    Unpriming and Schemas

    • Unpriming refers to the deactivation of a schema after exposure to a related stimulus. This can help reduce the influence of a schema on our judgments and behavior.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts of cognitive biases and heuristics in decision-making within cognitive psychology. Test your understanding of top-down and bottom-up processing, various heuristics, and the role of schemas. It's essential for anyone looking to enhance their grasp of psychological decision-making processes.

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