Code Review Questions on Functions and Error Handling
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the add2Nums function in this code?

  • To store all numbers from the input into an array.
  • To combine two strings and return their total as a string. (correct)
  • To read numbers from a file and output their sum.
  • To convert an array of integers into a string format.

    • What would happen if numbers.txt does not exist or cannot be opened?

  • The program would read from a default input until EOF.
  • The program would continue executing without any output.
  • The program would output an error message and terminate. (correct)
  • The program would initialize `total` to zero and proceed.

    • What kind of value does the function strRevToArray return?

  • An integer representing the length of the input string.
  • It does not return a value at all. (correct)
  • A pointer to an array of characters.
  • A reversed version of the input string.

    • Why is using an array advantageous over integer variables when performing operations on very large sums?

    <p>Arrays allow for manipulation of data that exceeds the capacity of standard integer types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue can arise when summing large numbers using standard integer types instead of arrays?

    <p>Risk of integer overflow leading to incorrect results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the program store string values in reverse order when summing large numbers?

    <p>To simplify the addition algorithm by aligning digits from least significant to most significant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the design choice of reversing the array values impact the construction of the final answer string?

    <p>The final answer is built backwards and then reversed back to normal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of reversing the string values in the arrays for addition?

    <p>It may lead to confusion in interpreting the results of the addition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the boolean flag variable serve in the code?

    <p>It ensures that leading zeros are removed from the output. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of this program, why is a carry-over necessary during the addition process?

    <p>To handle situations where the sum exceeds single-digit representation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the way strings are reversed in the addition process?

    <p>It mimics arithmetic operations performed from right to left. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue could arise from the use of eof() in the loop that reads numbers from the file?

    <p>It may skip the last number if not followed by a newline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions or blocks of code with their descriptions:

    <p>strRevToArray = Reverses a string and stores it in an integer array add2Nums = Adds two large numbers represented as strings main function = Reads numbers from a file and sums them return statement in add2Nums = Constructs the final answer string for output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following variables with their roles in the program:

    <p>MAX = Defines the maximum size for the number array carryOver = Stores the carry value during addition total = Holds the cumulative sum of the numbers read from the file flag = Indicates when a non-zero digit has been found for the answer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of the code with their importance:

    <p>Reversing strings for addition = Facilitates processing digits from least to most significant Using an array for sums = Allows representation of large numbers beyond standard limits The final answer construction = Ensures the correct order of the summed number is displayed The input file reading = Enables handling of multiple large numbers efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    String

    A sequence of characters (letters, numbers, symbols) enclosed in double quotes. Used to store and manipulate textual data.

    strRevToArray(str, num[])

    A function that reverses the order of characters in a string and stores them in an array.

    add2Nums(str1, str2)

    A function that takes two strings representing numbers and adds them together, returning the sum as a string.

    const int MAX = 60

    A constant integer variable set to 60, likely representing the maximum size or capacity of an array or data structure used in the code.

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    std::ifstream in("numbers.txt")

    A file stream object used to read data from a file named "numbers.txt".

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    Why use an array to sum digits?

    An array allows you to store and manipulate individual digits of a number, making it possible to implement arithmetic operations on large numbers digit by digit. This is especially useful when dealing with numbers that exceed the maximum size of standard integer data types.

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    What are the advantages of using arrays?

    Arrays provide flexibility in storing and accessing digits of a number, allowing for efficient manipulation during calculations. This is particularly helpful when dealing with long numbers that might exceed the capacity of standard integer data types.

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    How do arrays support handling larger numbers?

    Using an array allows you to represent and process numbers of arbitrary length. This is crucial when dealing with numbers exceeding the limits of standard integer data types.

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    How do arrays handle carry-over in arithmetic?

    Because arrays can store individual digits, it facilitates carrying over values during summation. This simplifies the implementation of addition for multi-digit numbers.

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    What is the advantage of using an array for summation?

    Arrays provide a structured way to organize and access the digits of a number, making it easier to perform arithmetic operations like addition. This method is particularly useful for dealing with numbers that might exceed the limits of standard integer data types.

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    Why use arrays to sum digits?

    Arrays allow you to store and manipulate individual digits of a number, making it possible to perform addition on numbers that exceed the size limitations of standard integer data types. This is especially useful when dealing with large numbers that might be too big to fit within the typical range of integer variables.

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    What are the advantages of using arrays to sum digits?

    Arrays provide flexibility in storing and accessing digits of a number, allowing for efficient manipulation during calculations. Using an array lets us perform operations on large numbers digit by digit, without being limited by the bounds of integer data types.

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    How do arrays support handling larger numbers in summation?

    Arrays can represent and process numbers of arbitrary length, making them ideal for dealing with numbers exceeding the capacity of standard integer data types.

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    What are code reviews?

    A systematic process where developers examine each other's code to identify potential issues, improve code quality, and ensure adherence to coding standards.

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    What are the benefits of code reviews?

    Contribute to a shared understanding of the codebase and promote knowledge transfer amongst team members.

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    How do code reviews improve code quality?

    Identify and rectify bugs, vulnerabilities, and areas for optimization.

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    How do code reviews improve collaboration?

    Facilitate knowledge sharing and promote a collaborative development environment.

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    What is pair programming?

    Developers work together, one typing while the other reviews or gives input.

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    Code Review Process

    Feedback, revision, and closure are the key steps involved in the code review process. It ensures that code meets quality standards, and improves through constructive feedback and collaboration.

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    Feedback

    Reviewers provide constructive feedback identifying issues and suggesting improvements. This allows for a clear understanding of problems and potential solutions.

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    Revision

    Developers address feedback, fix issues, and implement improvements based on the suggestions made in the review process.

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    Closure

    Closing the review loop signifies the resolution of identified issues and the implementation of the feedback provided. It marks the completion of the review.

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    Code Review Tools

    Selecting suitable tools to support the code review process is essential for effective feedback organization, collaboration, and tracking progress.

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    Why are the digits in ans array in reverse order?

    The reason for reversing the elements in the ans array is to obtain the final sum in the correct order. The array is filled in reverse order because each element represents a digit in the sum, with the least significant digit at the end of the array. By reversing the elements in the array, we ensure that the digits are concatenated in the correct order to form the final sum.

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    How does the code handle carry-over during addition?

    The digits are added one by one, from the least significant digit to the most significant digit. The carryOver variable stores any overflow from the previous digit addition, ensuring accurate calculation of the sum.

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    Why does the code iterate through ans array in reverse order?

    The code iterates through the array from the end (highest index) to the beginning (lowest index) to avoid printing leading zeros. The flag variable is used to indicate whether a non-zero digit has been encountered, ensuring that only digits after the first non-zero digit are included in the final sum.

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    What is the possible reasoning behind processing the digits in reverse order?

    The add2Nums function likely uses a similar approach to add two numbers by iterating through their digits. Since the ans array is initialized to zero, the code assumes that the sum will be less than or equal to MAX, which limits the size of the array. The algorithm also focuses on processing the digits in reverse order, which, as mentioned, results in a reversed sum.

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    Why is an array used to store the result of the addition in the code?

    This code uses an array to store the digits of a sum. The array effectively represents a number with a variable length, enabling the processing of large numbers that might exceed the limits of standard integer data types. The advantage of using an array here is that it allows you to represent and manipulate numbers of arbitrary size without being limited by the size of standard integer data types. This capability makes it suitable for calculations involving large or arbitrarily sized numbers.

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    What is a string?

    A sequence of characters (letters, numbers, symbols) enclosed in double quotes. Used to store and manipulate textual data.

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    Why is an array used to store the digits of a number?

    The use of an array allows for the storage of individual digits of very large numbers, which are essentially beyond the capacity of traditional integer data types.

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    Why are the digits in the ans array in reverse order?

    The code reverses the order of digits in the ans array because the addition is performed from the least significant digit to the most significant digit. By reversing the array, the result is obtained in the correct sequence.

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    Why does the code iterate through the ans array in reverse order?

    This approach optimizes the algorithm. It iterates from the end of the array to the beginning to avoid printing leading zeros. The purpose of the flag is to ensure that only digits after the first non-zero digit are included, leading to the correct representation of the sum.

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    How does carry-over work when adding large numbers?

    When a number is bigger than the maximum value a data type can hold, the remaining digits are carried over to the next place value. In addition, carry-over allows for accurate calculations of the sum. For example, when adding 5 and 8, the result is 13. The digit 3 is the current place value result, and the digit 1 is added to the next higher place value.

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    Why an array is used to store the sum?

    It is a container for storing a sequence of data, in this case, digits of a number. It allows you to represent and process numbers that exceed the capacity of standard integer data types. For example, to represent a number with 50 digits, you need a container that can store 50 individual digits - this is where an array is used to store these digits.

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    Why are the digits in the ans array reversed?

    The ans array is filled in reverse order, storing the least significant digit at the end of the array. Reversing the ans array ensures that the digits are concatenated in the correct order to form the final sum. It's like reading a number from right to left, starting with the units digit and moving towards the left.

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    What is a string in C++?

    A data type that stores a sequence of characters, frequently used to represent text or numbers, in this example for handling arbitrarily large numbers.

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    Why is an array used to store the sum in this code?

    It represents a number through its individual digits, allowing calculations on numbers exceeding the limits of standard integer types.

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    What does the function add2Nums(str1, str2) do?

    This function calculates the sum of two numbers represented as strings, digit by digit, incorporating carry-over logic to handle the addition of large numbers.

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    Study Notes

    Code Review Questions

    • Input Validation: Is there adequate input validation for the numbers.txt file? What happens if the file doesn't exist, is empty, or contains non-numeric strings? The code should check for file existence and handle potential std::ifstream errors. It needs to ensure each line read from numbers.txt is a valid 50-digit number. Input validation for numbers.txt is crucial to prevent unexpected behaviors. Checks for file existence, empty files, and non-numeric content are essential; exception handling is important for std::ifstream errors. Ensuring each line is precisely a 50-digit numeric value is required.
    • Error Handling: How are potential errors (e.g., overflow during addition) handled in the add2Nums function? Does the code provide informative error messages to the user? The code should explicitly address potential overflow during addition. Overflow detection should be used with clear, informative error messages when large numbers are involved. The code should include detailed error handling for potential overflow conditions during addition. This may involve checking the result against maximum possible values. Informative error messages should guide users on erroneous inputs.
    • strRevToArray Function: What is the purpose of this function? What are its inputs and outputs? How does it handle empty strings or strings longer than the MAX limit? Is the reversed array used correctly in the add2Nums function? How does it manage potential memory issues or invalid input? Why use an array to store digits instead of integer variables? The function reverses the input string and stores each digit in an integer array. This facilitates right-to-left addition. MAX limits the number of digits per input, which must be checked. Error checks for MAX length strings are crucial. The code must explicitly manage string length to prevent buffer overflows. Use of an array facilitates handling large numbers. Potential errors or invalid strings should be explicitly handled through error conditions or exceptions.
    • add2Nums Function: Does the function correctly perform the addition of two numbers represented as strings? Does it handle potential carry-overs in addition properly? What are the limits and potential overflow issues? Is there any potential for integer representation issues? How are the inputs processed effectively to operate like decimals (e.g., 12345, 87463 etc)? The function takes two string numbers and reverses them, converts them to integer arrays, adds digits in a loop and handles carryovers. The function processes carryover values, which requires checking for potential carry-overs. Error handling for addition overflow should be considered. Input validation to prevent integer representation issues and overflow in results is essential. The function needs validation of the inputs before using them, preventing unexpected behavior and errors. The function must handle carry-overs correctly for proper addition. Consider using arbitrary-precision arithmetic if standard integers might not be sufficient.
    • String Management: How are string lengths managed, and does the code handle possible issues stemming from string processing (e.g., input string lengths exceeding available memory)? Does it address potential allocation errors? The code likely allocates space for strings up to MAX size. Overflow or underflows must be checked. Input validation is important to determine if inputs are within the permitted length limits. Preventing potential crashes due to memory errors is vital.
    • Efficiency: Are there ways to improve the efficiency of the add2Nums function? Does the code avoid unnecessary memory allocations? The addition process may be inefficient for extremely large numbers. Alternatives to improve efficiency include the use of arbitrary-precision arithmetic libraries.
    • General Design: Explore alternative approaches for storing/managing the input numbers. Could these help to simplify the logic and improve clarity? Using arbitrary-precision arithmetic libraries may be preferable to handling large numbers with arrays.
    • File I/O: Is the file being properly closed after use? Is there sufficient error checking for cases such as insufficient file permissions? The file should be closed using in.close() to release resources after use. The code should include error checking for file opening failures, using exceptions where appropriate.
    • Input limitations: What are the potential input limitations and possible edge cases (e.g., very large numbers, empty input lines.) Are there limits on the size of input numbers? How does the code behave if a single input number overflows? A check for valid file lengths, as well as error handling where needed, are vital for reliable operation. Input from numbers.txt must be checked for valid format and adherence to the MAX input specification (e.g. 50 digits). The limits of the MAX size need thorough checking as well. Extreme numbers, empty lines in numbers.txt and invalid format should be checked against.
    • Clarity and Readability: Is the code well-commented and easy to follow? Are variable names descriptive and meaningful? Are there areas where the code could be better formatted for readability? Using meaningful variable names improves clarity. Comments clarify complex parts and design decisions.
    • Robustness: Could the code be made robust and handle unexpected input or errors? Robust input handling is essential. Error checking and handling is critical. add2Nums should explicitly handle unexpected edge cases. Prevent malformed input and unexpected value formats when reading from the file.
    • Correctness: Is there a way to test or verify that the addition logic within the add2Nums function is correct? Use unit tests to compare calculations for smaller numbers, including test cases with various condition. Evaluate whether the output correctly meets the expected results.
    • Array Usage (Digits): Why is an array used to store the digits of a number instead of integers? Arrays give flexibility for storing and adding digits efficiently.
    • Reversal in strRevToArray: Why are string values reversed into arrays? Reversing facilitates right-to-left addition, a standard mathematical approach.

    Additional Feedback from a Code Reviewer

    • Error handling: The code lacks robust error handling. Thorough error handling is needed for conditions such as file not found, invalid input, or overflow.
    • Memory Management: The code could benefit from better memory management practices. Dynamic memory allocation should be used for managing large numbers to prevent memory overflow and allocation failures. Carefully consider potential memory leaks that can arise from dynamic allocation issues. Validate user input and allocate memory only when needed.
    • String Validation: Input validation for checking malformed or erroneous data in the input file is missing. Basic validation is required before use.
    • Algorithm Efficiency: For very large numbers, iterative string addition is inefficient compared to potentially specialized large number libraries. Algorithms that efficiently handle large integers should be considered, especially for substantial string data.
    • Clarity: Comments and variable names are insufficient. More detailed comments explaining each function's purpose and the logic behind the addition algorithm, especially for complex components, are essential.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on evaluating code quality, particularly in the context of input validation and error handling for functions like add2Nums and strRevToArray. You'll explore how various scenarios are managed, including edge cases and potential memory issues. Test your understanding and identify key areas of improvement.

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