Coal Classification and Properties Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the gross calorific value that classifies coal as hard coal?

  • Between 5500 and 6000 kcal/kg
  • Not less than 5700 kcal/kg (correct)
  • Exactly 6000 kcal/kg
  • Less than 5500 kcal/kg

    • Which type of coal is characterized by containing 86-98% carbon?

  • Anthracite (correct)
  • Bituminous coal
  • Lignite
  • Sub-bituminous coal

    • What characteristic of lignite significantly differentiates it from other types of coal?

  • High volatile matter (correct)
  • High carbon content
  • High calorific value
  • Low sulfur content

    • Which of the following is NOT classified as hard coal?

    <p>Lignite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the calorific value of bituminous coal?

    <p>7217 kcal/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of coal is primarily used for industrial furnaces and metallurgical processes?

    <p>Anthracite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of coal is defined as non-agglomerating coal with more than 31% volatile matter?

    <p>Lignite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of coking coal?

    <p>Produces coke capable of supporting blast furnace charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of surface mining compared to subsurface mining?

    <p>It is usually less expensive and safer for miners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant environmental consequence of surface mining?

    <p>Streams become polluted with sediment and acid mine drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines mountaintop removal mining?

    <p>Completely removing the top of mountains to access coal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common hazard associated with underground mining?

    <p>Mine shaft collapses and black lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does surface mining generally prevent the natural recolonization of plants?

    <p>The removal of topsoil prevents plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of machinery is primarily used for digging trenches in strip mining?

    <p>Bulldozers, power shovels, and wheel excavators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a spoil bank?

    <p>A hill of loose rock created from overburden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental impact can occur from the removal of vegetation due to mining practices?

    <p>Land becomes prone to landslides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of pressurized fluidized-bed combustion compared to regular fluidized-bed combustion?

    <p>It reduces the amount of CO2 released.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental concern is associated with coal-bed methane extraction?

    <p>Contamination of groundwater.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is methane primarily stored within coal?

    <p>On the surfaces of organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is commonly used to extract coal-bed methane?

    <p>Vertical drilling into coal seams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of pressurized fluidized-bed combustion?

    <p>It requires a costly pressurized vessel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary transitional benefit of using coal-bed methane as a fuel source?

    <p>It serves as a bridge to renewable energy sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a byproduct of fluidized-bed combustion?

    <p>Methane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When coal is mined, what is one environmental benefit of extracting methane beforehand?

    <p>It lowers the overall greenhouse gas emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is primarily used to refine crude oil?

    <p>Fractional distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature does gasoline condense out of the distillation column?

    <p>150°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source material for the formation of oil and natural gas?

    <p>Organic-rich sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is obtained at the highest temperature in the distillation column?

    <p>Diesel oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does shale gas differ from traditional natural gas?

    <p>Shale gas is found in tight, impermeable rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's energy was provided by oil and natural gas in 2015?

    <p>67%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boiling point range for diesel during the distillation process?

    <p>250-350 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total U.S. energy consumption is used to run oil refineries?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what depth is organic-rich sediment typically buried to initiate the formation of oil and gas?

    <p>500 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a reservoir rock for oil and gas?

    <p>Sandstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional process is commonly used to increase the yield of gasoline during refining?

    <p>Catalytic cracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the chemical transformation of organic material into oil and gas?

    <p>Increased heat and pressure in sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these products condenses at the lowest temperature in the distillation column?

    <p>Gasoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rough energy content of refined fuels derived from crude oil?

    <p>10755.3 Kcal/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate carbon content by weight in crude oil?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are oil and gas most commonly found?

    <p>Geologically young tectonic belts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of diesel fuel in terms of hydrocarbons?

    <p>75% saturated hydrocarbons and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average chemical formula for common diesel fuel?

    <p>C12H23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the ignition quality of diesel fuel?

    <p>Cetane rating and various engine conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the calorific value of diesel fuel compare to petrol?

    <p>Petrol has a higher calorific value than diesel fuel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical cetane rating range for No. 2 diesel?

    <p>46 - 48</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cetane rating play in diesel fuel performance?

    <p>It measures the ignition quality and combustion characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of pure cetane?

    <p>It is a colourless liquid hydrocarbon with excellent ignition qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much more energy by volume does diesel fuel contain compared to petrol?

    <p>About 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fossil Fuels

    • Fossil fuels are the primary energy resource in industrialized countries, providing 85-90% of energy needs.
    • They are formed from buried plant and animal remains over millions of years.
    • Coal is a major component of India's commercial energy, making up about 70%.
    • Coal is found in sedimentary rock seams, notable for its combustibility and volatility.
    • Coalification, the formation of coal, occurs over millions of years due to microbial action, pressure, and heat.
    • Coal mainly consists of carbon (50-98%), hydrogen (3-13%), oxygen, and minor amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements.
    • Coal, as a significant fuel source, has two classifications in India: Gondwana coal (250 million years old) and Tertiary coal (15-60 million years old), with Gondwana contributing significantly more to India's production.

    Coal Classification

    • Internationally, coal is classified according to the Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) into Hard coal (with high calorific value, at least 5700 kcal/kg) and Brown coal (with lower calorific value and high volatile matter content, typically over 31% on dry mineral matter free basis).
    • Hard coal includes Anthracite, Bituminous coal, Coking coal, and other Bituminous coal types.
    • Coal quality is determined by inherent properties, not by its end-use.

    Coal Types by Carbon Content

    • Anthracite: Dense, hard, black rock with a metallic luster, low sulfur content, high carbon content (86-98%), low volatile matter (2-14%), and high calorific value (7791 kcal/kg). Not commonly found in India.
    • Bituminous coal: Medium-rank coal used for gasification, industrial coking, and heat generation. Moderate sulfur content, 69-86% carbon, higher calorific value (7217 kcal/kg), and volatile matter. Coking coal is a specific type of bituminous coal used in producing coke for steel production.
    • Lignite: Very soft coal, high water content (17% or greater), lower calorific value (3346 kcal/kg), a fibrous/woody structure, and relatively high sulfur and moisture content.

    Brown Coal

    • Sub-bituminous coal: An intermediate type of coal between bituminous and lignite.
    • Lignite is a lower-quality, low-grade coal with a characteristic brownish-black appearance resembling wood (hence the name).

    Coal Mining

    • Coal mines are typically categorized into surface and subsurface mines.
    • Surface mining is often chosen for shallow coal deposits, involving strip mining or mountaintop removal, which can have environmental impacts.
    • Subsurface mining is utilized for deeper deposits, presenting hazards like cave-ins, explosions, and respiratory issues.
    • Environmental damage from coal mining can include acid mine drainage, land subsidence, and the creation of waste piles.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the classification of coal types, their chemical compositions, and their specific characteristics. This quiz covers hard coal, bituminous coal, lignite, and more, including calorific values and industrial uses. Perfect for students and professionals interested in geology and energy resources.

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