JCAHPO COA Flashcards for Exam Success

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Questions and Answers

Which disorders are associated with headaches?

Sinus Infection

Brain Tumor (correct)

Migraine

Hypertension (correct)

Headaches caused by refractive error will not appear at night.

True

Where is the aqueous humor located?

Between the lens and the cornea.

How many rods are there in the human eye?

125 million Signup and view all the answers

Where are the rods located?

In the retina Signup and view all the answers

How many cones are there in the human eye?

6 million Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cones located?

In the retina. Signup and view all the answers

Rods are best in what lighting condition?

Dim light Signup and view all the answers

Without rods, what condition will occur?

Night blindness Signup and view all the answers

Rods are good in what color light?

Red Signup and view all the answers

What type of drops are used to dilate the eyes?

Mydriatic drops Signup and view all the answers

What type of drops are used to dilate the eyes and paralyze the fine focusing muscle for near vision?

Cycloplegic drops Signup and view all the answers

Measuring PD (Pupillary Distance) starts from where and ends where?

From the nasal side of the right pupil to the temporal side of the left pupil. Signup and view all the answers

What is Rhodopsin?

Rod pigment. Signup and view all the answers

Rhodopsin forms in __ and is destroyed by _?

dark, light Signup and view all the answers

Rhodopsin is composed of what Vitamin?

Vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

What is Adie's Syndrome?

Tonic Pupil. Signup and view all the answers

How do you measure a patient's PD when they can only see from one eye?

Measure from the center of the pupil of the good eye to the center of the bridge of the nose. Signup and view all the answers

How do you measure a patient's PD when they have unequal pupils?

Measure from the nasal side of the limbus of the patient's right eye to the temporal side of the limbus of the left eye. Signup and view all the answers

How do you measure a patient's PD when they have a squint?

Measure from the inner canthus of one eye to the outer canthus of the opposite eye. Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important disorders to ask patients about?

Diabetes, High Blood Pressure (HTN), Heart Health/Cardiovascular Issues, Arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What are the main symptoms of diplopia?

Loss of alignment of eyes Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of light flashes?

Retinal detachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Ptosis?

3rd Nerve palsy or Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Diplopia?

Thyroid Disorder, Diabetes, 3rd Nerve Palsy, Myasthenia Gravis Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of sudden loss of vision?

Macular degeneration, Retinal Detachment, Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion, Retrobulbar Neuritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Foreign Body Sensation (FBS)?

Corneal Abrasion, Herpes Simplex Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of blurred distance vision in adults?

Diabetes, Cataracts, Macular Edema Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Halos around lights?

Angle Closure Glaucoma, Cataracts Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of spots before the eye?

Retinal Tear, Vitreous Detachment Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important items to ask patients during workup?

Present and Past Health History, Medication (current and exact name/purpose), Allergies (drug, inhalants, contactants, food, injections, ingestants) Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are associated with Acute conjunctivitis?

Discharge, Pain, Blurred Vision Signup and view all the answers

What organism is the cause of Acute Conjunctivitis?

Staph Aureus Signup and view all the answers

What are some important familial histories of common ocular defects?

Myopia, Strabismus, Glaucoma Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 steps to taking history?

Chief Complaint, Secondary Problems of the Eye, Systemic or General Illness (current), Past Ocular Disorders, Wear Contacts or Glasses?, Therapies, Response to Therapies Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main layers of tears?

Oily Layer (outer), Aqueous Layer (middle), Mucin Layer (inner) Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow path of the aqueous humor?

Posterior Chamber, Pupil, Anterior Chamber, Trabecular Meshwork, Schlemm's Canal, Aqueous Vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the lens of the eye?

A biconvex structure that light passes through. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Vitreous Body?

Fluid-filled space located behind the lens, occupies 2/3rds of the volume of the eye. Signup and view all the answers

Name the drops used that do not have cycloplegic effects.

Eucatropine Hydrochloride Signup and view all the answers

Example of Cycloplegic Agents.

Cyclopentolate Signup and view all the answers

When an object is viewed close at hand, what three actions occur?

<ol> <li>Convergence of eyes towards the object. 2. Accommodation. 3. Pupillary Constriction.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Swinging Flash Light Test used for?

Compare the direct and consensual reflexes in the same eye. Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes associated with a patient with the symptom of dilated pupils?

Trauma Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes associated with a patient with the symptom of constricted pupils?

Horner's Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is Blepharospasm?

Continuous squeezing of the eyelids together. Signup and view all the answers

The visual axis through the human eye is located?

On the nasal side of the pupil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the light reflex method?

A type of PD measurement that gives the distance between the visual axis of the two eyes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic types of soft lenses used?

Hydrogel Lens Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 methods used today to disinfect hydrophilic lenses?

<ol> <li>Heat 2. Chemical 3. Ultraviolet exposure</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps to take for cleaning before removal of soft lenses?

Wash hands carefully. No soaps with lanolin. Dry hands with a clean, lint-free towel. Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of an enzyme cleaner?

For removal of protein deposits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most stringent cleaning system for soft contact lenses?

Hydrogen Peroxide systems for 20 min. Signup and view all the answers

Insertion of soft contact lenses starts at the?

Lower part of the sclera and is gently pushed onto the cornea with the lower eyelid. Signup and view all the answers

Removal of soft contact lenses starts by?

Sliding the lens down with the index finger to the lower sclera and pinching the lens to remove. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Macular Photo Stress Test?

A sensitive test for detecting macular dysfunction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Potential Acuity Meter (PAM)?

An instrument that attaches to a slit lamp and shows acuity after cataract surgery. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Interferometer?

Using a red or white light that shines directly through the opaque portion of the cataract, it tests out the proficiency of the retina for the show of good postoperative acuity. Signup and view all the answers

Near vision charts are designed to be read at?

14-16 inches Signup and view all the answers

Near vision is recorded as the?

Smallest type that can be comfortably read at the distance at which the card is held. Signup and view all the answers

What are the different names for a lensometer?

Vertometer Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 measurements required to fit a contact lens?

<ol> <li>The refractive error of the eye 2. The dioptric power of the cornea 3. The lens diameter 4. The lens thickness 5. The optic zone 6. The peripheral curve blending</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

The dioptric power of the cornea is determined by?

Keratometer readings. Signup and view all the answers

With applanation tonometry, the contact of tear film should yield a displacement of _____ mm?

3.06 mm Signup and view all the answers

How do you protect the phoropter?

A dust cover when not in use, no alcohol, face shield washed with soap and water, soak in alcohol, or boiled, dry cleaning, ear swab/tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in Projector Maintenance?

Glass slides and lenses wiped with a soft clean dry cloth, keep spare bulbs, do not remove lenses from barrel. Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in Projector Screen Maintenance?

Mild detergent solution, wipe screen surface gently with dampened absorbent cotton. Signup and view all the answers

What should be noted when replacing the lamp?

Projector should be off for a few minutes before proceeding with lamp replacement. Signup and view all the answers

What does a tan top on eye drops signify?

Disinfectant Signup and view all the answers

What does a pink top on eye drops signify?

Anti-inflammatory/steroids Signup and view all the answers

What does a red top on eye drops signify?

Mydriatics and cycloplegics Signup and view all the answers

What does a gray top on eye drops signify?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Signup and view all the answers

What does a dark green top on eye drops signify?

Miotics Signup and view all the answers

What does a yellow top on eye drops signify?

Beta-blockers Signup and view all the answers

What does a dark blue top on eye drops signify?

Beta blocker combinations Signup and view all the answers

What does an orange top on eye drops signify?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What does a turquoise top on eye drops signify?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

When measuring lenses in the lensmeter, place the lens on the table _________ side towards you.

Convex side Signup and view all the answers

After placing the lens in the lensmeter holder, center the lens then set the power to_____?

Zero Signup and view all the answers

After the spherical power is obtained, continue rotating the power wheel to bring the _______ into focus.

The second meridian Signup and view all the answers

The sign of the cylinder will be _______ that of the sphere?

Opposite Signup and view all the answers

To find the addition of the lens, the difference between the _ & the _ must be found.

Distance and the reading power Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the ophthalmoscope?

Herman Von Helmholtz Signup and view all the answers

What are the seven basic shapes of the face?

Oval Signup and view all the answers

Definition of Spectacles?

An optical appliance composed of lenses and a frame with sides. Signup and view all the answers

PD is measured from?

The nasal edge of the pupil on the right eye to the temporal side of the patient's left eye. Signup and view all the answers

What is the light reflex method used for?

It gives the distance between the visual axis of the two eyes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Optical Center?

The thinnest part in the center of any minus lens or the thickest part of the center of a plus lens. Signup and view all the answers

Patients with long faces need these types of frames?

Wide frames or horizontally long. Signup and view all the answers

Patients with long noses need these types of frames?

Low-fitting bridge bar and dark color. Signup and view all the answers

Patients with small noses need these types of frames?

Keyhole bridge or bridge bar set high. Signup and view all the answers

Patients with eyes set too closely together need these types of frames?

Frames that are greater in depth at outer ends. Signup and view all the answers

Eyes positioned up and in or down and in are in what position?

Tertiary Position Signup and view all the answers

What is Duction?

Movement of one eye from one position to another in one direction. Signup and view all the answers

What is Version?

The movement of both eyes in the same direction. Signup and view all the answers

When both eyes move right, this is called?

Dextroversion Signup and view all the answers

When both eyes move left, this is called?

Levoversion Signup and view all the answers

When both eyes move up, this is called?

Sursumversion Signup and view all the answers

When both eyes move down, this is called?

Deorsumversion Signup and view all the answers

What do lateral and medial rectus muscles do?

Move the eye horizontally. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Headaches and Their Causes

Headaches may be associated with hypertension or brain tumors.
Refractive error headaches typically do not manifest at night, during sleep, or upon waking.

Aqueous Humor and Eye Anatomy

Aqueous humor is found between the lens and cornea.
The human eye contains approximately 125 million rods, located in the retina.
There are about 6 million cones also situated in the retina.

Rods and Cones Functionality

Rods are most effective in dim lighting and are sensitive to red light.
Lack of rods leads to night-blindness.
Rhodopsin, the pigment in rods, forms in darkness and is broken down by light, requiring Vitamin A for proper function.

Eye Drop Types

Mydriatic drops are used to dilate pupils, while cycloplegic drops paralyze near vision focusing muscles.
Color-coded eye drop tops indicate their purpose: tan for disinfectants, pink for anti-inflammatories, red for mydriatics, gray for non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, dark green for miotics, yellow for beta-blockers, dark blue for beta-blocker combinations, and orange for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Measuring Pupillary Distance (PD)

PD is measured from the nasal side of the right pupil to the temporal side of the left pupil.
Alternate methods to measure PD include using the center of the good eye in monocular vision or the limbus in cases of unequal pupils.

Vision Disorders and Symptoms

Important disorders to inquire about include diabetes, hypertension, heart issues, and arthritis.
Key symptoms of diplopia involve loss of eye alignment; covering one eye will eliminate the double vision.
Causes of light flashes can signal retinal detachment.

Common Visual Symptoms

Causes for ptosis include 3rd nerve palsy or diabetes.
Diplopia may arise from thyroid disorders, diabetes, 3rd nerve palsy, or myasthenia gravis.
Sudden vision loss can be due to macular degeneration, retinal issues, or retrobulbar neuritis.

Corneal and Tear Functions

Conditions causing foreign body sensation can arise from corneal abrasion or herpes simplex.
The three main layers of tears are the oily layer, aqueous layer, and mucin layer.

Eye Testing and Maintenance

The macular photo stress test is for detecting macular dysfunction, while the potential acuity meter evaluates retina clarity post-cataract surgery.
Regular maintenance of projectors involves wiping lenses, keeping spare bulbs, and not removing lens from the barrel.

Contact Lens Management

Contact lenses are disinfected using heat, chemical, or ultraviolet exposure methods.
The most stringent cleaning method involves hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes.
Cleaning before soft lens removal requires careful hand washing and avoiding lanolin soaps.

Visual Acuity Measurement

Near vision is assessed at a distance of 14-16 inches from the eyes.
Lensometers, also known as lensmeters or fociometers, measure lens specifications and are essential for proper fitting.

Eye Movement and Frames

Eye movements can be categorized as duction (single eye movement) and version (both eyes moving together), affecting refractive assessments.
Frame selections for glasses should accommodate facial structures, such as wide frames for long faces or keyhole bridges for small noses.

General Knowledge

Herman Von Helmholtz invented the ophthalmoscope.
Proper identification of eye drops and lens measurements ensures accuracy in vision care and correction.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards designed for the COA JCAHPO exam. Covering key concepts such as headache disorders and the anatomy of the eye, these cards are an excellent study tool for aspiring ophthalmic professionals. Sharpen your expertise in eye care and prepare effectively for your certification.

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