Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which disorders are associated with headaches?
Which disorders are associated with headaches?
- Sinus Infection
- Brain Tumor (correct)
- Migraine
- Hypertension (correct)
Headaches caused by refractive error will not appear at night.
Headaches caused by refractive error will not appear at night.
True (A)
Where is the aqueous humor located?
Where is the aqueous humor located?
Between the lens and the cornea.
How many rods are there in the human eye?
How many rods are there in the human eye?
Where are the rods located?
Where are the rods located?
How many cones are there in the human eye?
How many cones are there in the human eye?
Where are the cones located?
Where are the cones located?
Rods are best in what lighting condition?
Rods are best in what lighting condition?
Without rods, what condition will occur?
Without rods, what condition will occur?
Rods are good in what color light?
Rods are good in what color light?
What type of drops are used to dilate the eyes?
What type of drops are used to dilate the eyes?
What type of drops are used to dilate the eyes and paralyze the fine focusing muscle for near vision?
What type of drops are used to dilate the eyes and paralyze the fine focusing muscle for near vision?
Measuring PD (Pupillary Distance) starts from where and ends where?
Measuring PD (Pupillary Distance) starts from where and ends where?
What is Rhodopsin?
What is Rhodopsin?
Rhodopsin forms in ______ and is destroyed by _____?
Rhodopsin forms in ______ and is destroyed by _____?
Rhodopsin is composed of what Vitamin?
Rhodopsin is composed of what Vitamin?
What is Adie's Syndrome?
What is Adie's Syndrome?
How do you measure a patient's PD when they can only see from one eye?
How do you measure a patient's PD when they can only see from one eye?
How do you measure a patient's PD when they have unequal pupils?
How do you measure a patient's PD when they have unequal pupils?
How do you measure a patient's PD when they have a squint?
How do you measure a patient's PD when they have a squint?
What are the most important disorders to ask patients about?
What are the most important disorders to ask patients about?
What are the main symptoms of diplopia?
What are the main symptoms of diplopia?
What is the cause of light flashes?
What is the cause of light flashes?
What is the cause of Ptosis?
What is the cause of Ptosis?
What is the cause of Diplopia?
What is the cause of Diplopia?
What is the cause of sudden loss of vision?
What is the cause of sudden loss of vision?
What is the cause of Foreign Body Sensation (FBS)?
What is the cause of Foreign Body Sensation (FBS)?
What is the cause of blurred distance vision in adults?
What is the cause of blurred distance vision in adults?
What is the cause of Halos around lights?
What is the cause of Halos around lights?
What is the cause of spots before the eye?
What is the cause of spots before the eye?
What are the most important items to ask patients during workup?
What are the most important items to ask patients during workup?
What symptoms are associated with Acute conjunctivitis?
What symptoms are associated with Acute conjunctivitis?
What organism is the cause of Acute Conjunctivitis?
What organism is the cause of Acute Conjunctivitis?
What are some important familial histories of common ocular defects?
What are some important familial histories of common ocular defects?
What are the 6 steps to taking history?
What are the 6 steps to taking history?
What are the three main layers of tears?
What are the three main layers of tears?
What is the flow path of the aqueous humor?
What is the flow path of the aqueous humor?
What is the lens of the eye?
What is the lens of the eye?
What is the Vitreous Body?
What is the Vitreous Body?
Name the drops used that do not have cycloplegic effects.
Name the drops used that do not have cycloplegic effects.
Example of Cycloplegic Agents.
Example of Cycloplegic Agents.
When an object is viewed close at hand, what three actions occur?
When an object is viewed close at hand, what three actions occur?
What is the Swinging Flash Light Test used for?
What is the Swinging Flash Light Test used for?
What are the causes associated with a patient with the symptom of dilated pupils?
What are the causes associated with a patient with the symptom of dilated pupils?
What are the causes associated with a patient with the symptom of constricted pupils?
What are the causes associated with a patient with the symptom of constricted pupils?
What is Blepharospasm?
What is Blepharospasm?
The visual axis through the human eye is located?
The visual axis through the human eye is located?
What is the light reflex method?
What is the light reflex method?
What are the two basic types of soft lenses used?
What are the two basic types of soft lenses used?
What are the 3 methods used today to disinfect hydrophilic lenses?
What are the 3 methods used today to disinfect hydrophilic lenses?
What are the steps to take for cleaning before removal of soft lenses?
What are the steps to take for cleaning before removal of soft lenses?
What is the use of an enzyme cleaner?
What is the use of an enzyme cleaner?
What is the most stringent cleaning system for soft contact lenses?
What is the most stringent cleaning system for soft contact lenses?
Insertion of soft contact lenses starts at the?
Insertion of soft contact lenses starts at the?
Removal of soft contact lenses starts by?
Removal of soft contact lenses starts by?
What is the Macular Photo Stress Test?
What is the Macular Photo Stress Test?
What is the Potential Acuity Meter (PAM)?
What is the Potential Acuity Meter (PAM)?
What is an Interferometer?
What is an Interferometer?
Near vision charts are designed to be read at?
Near vision charts are designed to be read at?
Near vision is recorded as the?
Near vision is recorded as the?
What are the different names for a lensometer?
What are the different names for a lensometer?
What are the 6 measurements required to fit a contact lens?
What are the 6 measurements required to fit a contact lens?
The dioptric power of the cornea is determined by?
The dioptric power of the cornea is determined by?
With applanation tonometry, the contact of tear film should yield a displacement of _____ mm?
With applanation tonometry, the contact of tear film should yield a displacement of _____ mm?
How do you protect the phoropter?
How do you protect the phoropter?
What is involved in Projector Maintenance?
What is involved in Projector Maintenance?
What is involved in Projector Screen Maintenance?
What is involved in Projector Screen Maintenance?
What should be noted when replacing the lamp?
What should be noted when replacing the lamp?
What does a tan top on eye drops signify?
What does a tan top on eye drops signify?
What does a pink top on eye drops signify?
What does a pink top on eye drops signify?
What does a red top on eye drops signify?
What does a red top on eye drops signify?
What does a gray top on eye drops signify?
What does a gray top on eye drops signify?
What does a dark green top on eye drops signify?
What does a dark green top on eye drops signify?
What does a yellow top on eye drops signify?
What does a yellow top on eye drops signify?
What does a dark blue top on eye drops signify?
What does a dark blue top on eye drops signify?
What does an orange top on eye drops signify?
What does an orange top on eye drops signify?
What does a turquoise top on eye drops signify?
What does a turquoise top on eye drops signify?
When measuring lenses in the lensmeter, place the lens on the table _________ side towards you.
When measuring lenses in the lensmeter, place the lens on the table _________ side towards you.
After placing the lens in the lensmeter holder, center the lens then set the power to_____?
After placing the lens in the lensmeter holder, center the lens then set the power to_____?
After the spherical power is obtained, continue rotating the power wheel to bring the _______ into focus.
After the spherical power is obtained, continue rotating the power wheel to bring the _______ into focus.
The sign of the cylinder will be _______ that of the sphere?
The sign of the cylinder will be _______ that of the sphere?
To find the addition of the lens, the difference between the _____ & the _____ must be found.
To find the addition of the lens, the difference between the _____ & the _____ must be found.
Who invented the ophthalmoscope?
Who invented the ophthalmoscope?
What are the seven basic shapes of the face?
What are the seven basic shapes of the face?
Definition of Spectacles?
Definition of Spectacles?
PD is measured from?
PD is measured from?
What is the light reflex method used for?
What is the light reflex method used for?
What is the Optical Center?
What is the Optical Center?
Patients with long faces need these types of frames?
Patients with long faces need these types of frames?
Patients with long noses need these types of frames?
Patients with long noses need these types of frames?
Patients with small noses need these types of frames?
Patients with small noses need these types of frames?
Patients with eyes set too closely together need these types of frames?
Patients with eyes set too closely together need these types of frames?
Eyes positioned up and in or down and in are in what position?
Eyes positioned up and in or down and in are in what position?
What is Duction?
What is Duction?
What is Version?
What is Version?
When both eyes move right, this is called?
When both eyes move right, this is called?
When both eyes move left, this is called?
When both eyes move left, this is called?
When both eyes move up, this is called?
When both eyes move up, this is called?
When both eyes move down, this is called?
When both eyes move down, this is called?
What do lateral and medial rectus muscles do?
What do lateral and medial rectus muscles do?
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Study Notes
Headaches and Their Causes
- Headaches may be associated with hypertension or brain tumors.
- Refractive error headaches typically do not manifest at night, during sleep, or upon waking.
Aqueous Humor and Eye Anatomy
- Aqueous humor is found between the lens and cornea.
- The human eye contains approximately 125 million rods, located in the retina.
- There are about 6 million cones also situated in the retina.
Rods and Cones Functionality
- Rods are most effective in dim lighting and are sensitive to red light.
- Lack of rods leads to night-blindness.
- Rhodopsin, the pigment in rods, forms in darkness and is broken down by light, requiring Vitamin A for proper function.
Eye Drop Types
- Mydriatic drops are used to dilate pupils, while cycloplegic drops paralyze near vision focusing muscles.
- Color-coded eye drop tops indicate their purpose: tan for disinfectants, pink for anti-inflammatories, red for mydriatics, gray for non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, dark green for miotics, yellow for beta-blockers, dark blue for beta-blocker combinations, and orange for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Measuring Pupillary Distance (PD)
- PD is measured from the nasal side of the right pupil to the temporal side of the left pupil.
- Alternate methods to measure PD include using the center of the good eye in monocular vision or the limbus in cases of unequal pupils.
Vision Disorders and Symptoms
- Important disorders to inquire about include diabetes, hypertension, heart issues, and arthritis.
- Key symptoms of diplopia involve loss of eye alignment; covering one eye will eliminate the double vision.
- Causes of light flashes can signal retinal detachment.
Common Visual Symptoms
- Causes for ptosis include 3rd nerve palsy or diabetes.
- Diplopia may arise from thyroid disorders, diabetes, 3rd nerve palsy, or myasthenia gravis.
- Sudden vision loss can be due to macular degeneration, retinal issues, or retrobulbar neuritis.
Corneal and Tear Functions
- Conditions causing foreign body sensation can arise from corneal abrasion or herpes simplex.
- The three main layers of tears are the oily layer, aqueous layer, and mucin layer.
Eye Testing and Maintenance
- The macular photo stress test is for detecting macular dysfunction, while the potential acuity meter evaluates retina clarity post-cataract surgery.
- Regular maintenance of projectors involves wiping lenses, keeping spare bulbs, and not removing lens from the barrel.
Contact Lens Management
- Contact lenses are disinfected using heat, chemical, or ultraviolet exposure methods.
- The most stringent cleaning method involves hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes.
- Cleaning before soft lens removal requires careful hand washing and avoiding lanolin soaps.
Visual Acuity Measurement
- Near vision is assessed at a distance of 14-16 inches from the eyes.
- Lensometers, also known as lensmeters or fociometers, measure lens specifications and are essential for proper fitting.
Eye Movement and Frames
- Eye movements can be categorized as duction (single eye movement) and version (both eyes moving together), affecting refractive assessments.
- Frame selections for glasses should accommodate facial structures, such as wide frames for long faces or keyhole bridges for small noses.
General Knowledge
- Herman Von Helmholtz invented the ophthalmoscope.
- Proper identification of eye drops and lens measurements ensures accuracy in vision care and correction.
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