CNS Module: Comorbidities & Treatment

Physical symptoms caused by the sympathetic nervous system activating more than usual. These include nausea, sweating, trembling, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

Mental symptoms like nervousness, difficulty concentrating, irritability, fear of losing control, or fear of imminent death.

Avoiding situations or places where anxiety is likely to be triggered.

A mental health condition characterized by persistent, excessive worry and anxiety about various things

A serious mental disorder involving a loss of contact with reality.

Symptoms that disrupt sleep, create fatigue, make one restless, irritable, or agitated.

Physical sensations frequently experienced alongside anxiety, including headaches, muscle aches, stomach aches, rapid heart beat, and sweating.

Symptoms that involve changes in thought processes including difficulty concentrating, attention deficits, altered memory, and feeling of impending danger.

A detailed description of a patient's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors at a specific time.

Analyzing the snapshot to determine if a mental condition exists and its potential severity.

Evaluating the snapshot to identify potential harm to the patient or others.

Recording mental state observations in a standardized way during patient interviews.

Physical traits and presentation, including attire, hygiene, and posture.

Observable actions and reactions during the observational period.

The patient's observable emotional expression.

The patient's reported emotional state, subjective feelings.

Characteristics of the patient's verbal communication (tone, speed, pitch).

Organization and structure of the patient's thoughts.

The specific topics and ideas that the patient discusses.

The patient's awareness of their surroundings and sensory experiences.

Mental ability, understanding of situation, decision-making, and potential danger.

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th edition), a globally used medical classification system by WHO for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition), published by the American Psychiatric Association, used primarily in North America for diagnosing mental disorders.

The interface between neurology and psychiatry, focusing on behavioral and psychological manifestations related to neurological conditions.

Psychiatric disorders frequently occurring alongside neurological conditions such as stroke, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease.

A common co-occurring psychiatric condition alongside neurological presentations, frequently linked to neurological disorders.

Objectively appearing agitated and irritable, but subjectively reporting a fine mood.

Disorganized and illogical speech, making it difficult to understand the content.

Preoccupation with being followed or observed, often suspecting others' actions.

Responding to non-existent auditory stimuli, interrupting speech, suggesting a potential hallucination.

Objectively appearing low, with reported feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

Lack of emotional expression or reactivity that matches the reported low mood.

Thinking they have done wrong, even if not convinced of doing something bad or evil. Thoughts might lead to feelings of worthlessness.

Lack of interest or pleasure in activities.

Requires professional judgment to evaluate the patient's mental state based on multiple factors.

Clothes are wrinkled, dishevelled and not clean. Indicating lack of personal care.

Epilepsy can cause transient episodes of delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, and mania. It can also lead to depression, anxiety, and confusion.

These seizures are psychological in origin, not caused by abnormal brain activity, and resemble epileptic seizures. They are often related to distress.

Psychosis, while uncommon, is a possible side effect of Parkinson's disease, particularly from medications that aim to address motor symptoms.

Depression is a frequent psychiatric symptom occurring alongside Parkinson's disease.

Dementia, typically developing after Parkinson's progresses, involves cognitive impairments, memory problems, and possible psychosis.

DDS is a side effect of dopamine-replacement therapy in Parkinson's patients; it causes impulse control issues.

Physical trauma to the head, including open wounds, closed impacts, or acceleration/deceleration forces. Focal injuries affect specific areas; diffuse affect wider areas.

Depression that develops after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), affecting up to 50% of individuals.

A reciprocal relationship; substance use can directly cause brain injury, and TBI increases the risk of future substance misuse/abuse.

A genetic disorder causing motor problems, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms, often including depression.

A demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, leading to cognitive problems, mood fluctuations, and a high risk of depression.

A temporary state of confusion that often occurs in hospitals and is caused by a physical condition, not a mental disorder.

Aggressive or impulsive behavior in neurological conditions, may be mistaken for related to anxiety, agitation or mania.

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th edition), a global medical classification system used in epidemiology and clinical settings.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition), used primarily in North America to diagnose mental disorders.

The study of the interaction between neurology and psychiatry, focusing on the behavioral and psychological aspects of neurological conditions.

Simultaneous occurrence of a mental disorder and a neurological condition.

A common mental disorder that can co-occur with neurological conditions.

A detailed description of a patient's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors at a specific point in time.

Analyzing a mental state snapshot to determine if a mental health condition exists and its potential severity.

Evaluating a mental state snapshot to identify potential harm to the patient or others.

Physical traits and presentation, including attire, hygiene, posture.

Observable actions and reactions during the observation period.

The patient's observable emotional expression.

The patient's reported emotional state, subjective feelings.

Characteristics of the patient's verbal communication (tone, speed, pitch).

Organization and structure of the patient's thoughts.

The specific topics and ideas discussed.

The patient's awareness of their surroundings and sensory experiences.

The level of intensity/seriousness of a condition.

Objectively appearing agitated and irritable, but subjectively reporting a fine mood.

Recording observations in a standardized way during patient interviews.

Behavioral and psychological symptoms related to neurological conditions.

Testing mental abilities like comprehension and judgment, and assessing IQ.

Gradual memory loss; more common in females, showing hippocampal atrophy.

Sudden memory decline with cerebrovascular risk factors, showing ischaemic changes.

Emotional/personality changes first, then varying cognitive deficits, frontotemporal atrophy.

Affects basal ganglia/thalamus/brainstem, causing slow movement, mood changes, and sometimes mild amnesia.

Common depression after stroke; often appearing in the first month.

Assessing issues caused by both neurological and psychiatric disease.

About 25% of stroke survivors experience generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Stroke, particularly in the right hemisphere, can cause psychosis.

Stroke can cause irritability, exaggerated pre-existing personality traits, or significant changes depending on the brain area affected, such as disinhibition in frontal lobe damage.

Epilepsy and psychiatric disorders often have a reciprocal relationship, significantly influencing quality of life.

20-30% with epilepsy have a co-occurring psychiatric disorder.

TLE is strongly associated with psychiatry, with up to 50% developing psychiatric disorders, mostly depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Psychosis risk is 6-12x higher than the general population.

Vague symptoms in hours/days before a seizure, including de-personalization, derealization, cognitive symptoms, mood changes, and perceptual experiences.

Symptoms occurring during a seizure, often including anxiety, depression, and psychosis (with various types of hallucinations).

Symptoms after a seizure, sometimes including psychosis, often clustered when seizure frequencies increase and lasting 12-72 hours after the seizure.

Newly appearing anxiety, depression, or psychosis, potentially distinct from medication side effects

Collaboration between psychiatry and other medical specialties (e.g., neurology, psychology, OT) to treat neuropsychiatric illness.

Conditions arising from interactions between neurological and psychiatric problems

Difficulty distinguishing disorders stemming from neuro or psychiatric causes

Illness caused by a medical treatment or intervention

Observable signs and symptoms of a psychiatric disorder

Critical for positive long-term outcomes in various conditions

Structured method to observe and document mental health of patients

Presence of two or more coexisting conditions

Meetings used by multidisciplinary teams to discuss patient cases

Physical trauma to the head, including open wounds, closed impacts, or acceleration/deceleration forces. Focal injuries affect specific areas; diffuse affect wider areas.

Depression developing after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), affecting up to 50% of individuals.

A reciprocal relationship; substance use can directly cause brain injury, and TBI increases the risk of future substance misuse/abuse.

A genetic disorder causing motor problems, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms, often including depression.

A demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, leading to cognitive problems, mood fluctuations, and a high risk of depression.

A temporary state of confusion that often occurs in hospitals and is caused by a physical condition, not a mental disorder.

Aggressive or impulsive behavior in neurological conditions, potentially mistaken for anxiety, agitation, or mania.

Variety of mental health problems that can result from a head injury, including amnesia, mood disorders, psychosis and cognitive impairment.

Loss of memory; anterograde = inability to form new memories; retrograde = inability to recall past memories

Mood (depression) or anxiety disorders that can result from head injuries, specifically traumatic brain injuries.

Loss of contact with reality, potentially due to head injury; usually a better prognosis than primary psychosis.

Problems with thinking, learning, and problem-solving, often resulting from a traumatic brain injury.

Substance abuse can cause brain injury, and brain injury increases risk of substance misuse/abuse.