CNS Chapter 12 Overview

CNS (Chapter 12)

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
• Cerebral Hemispheres, Cortex, Cerebrum: Major divisions of the brain
• Gyrus, Sulcus, Fissure: Ridges, grooves, and deep grooves in the brain
• Motor, Sensory, Association Areas: Specific brain regions with specialized functions
• Precentral Gyrus, Postcentral Gyrus, Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex: Areas controlling movement and sensation
• Broca's Area: Language production area
• Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Infundibulum, Pituitary Gland): Structures deep within the brain
• Brain Stem (Pons, Midbrain, Medulla Oblongata): Connects the brain to the spinal cord, vital for basic functions
• Cerebellum (Arbor Vitae): Coordination and balance
• Grey Matter, White Matter, Myelinated Fiber Tracts, Corpus Callosum: Different tissue components and connections within the brain
• Ventricles, Ependymal Cells, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Fluid-filled spaces and cells producing CSF
• Meninges (Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater, Epidural/Subdural/Subarachnoid Spaces): Protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord
• Cardiovascular and Respiratory Centers: Brain areas regulating heart rate and breathing
• Reticular Activating System (RAS): Brain network controlling arousal and consciousness
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Concussion, contusion, laceration, hemorrhage, stroke
• Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Diseases: Neurodegenerative conditions
• Dorsal, Ventral, Sensory, Motor, Ganglia, Root, Somatic, Visceral: Terms related to neural pathways
• Brain Subdivisions and Components: Specific parts (e.g., diencephalon) and their components (e.g., thalamus)
• Grey vs. White Matter: Grey matter (cell bodies) and white matter (axons/myelin) in different brain regions
• Cerebral Lobes and Sulci/Fissures Different parts of the brain and the grooves that separate them
• Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex: Detailed functions of each part.
• Spinal Cord Grey Matter Organization: Sensory information enters dorsally, motor information exits ventrally

Special Senses (Chapters 13 & 15)

Taste

• Taste Buds, Gustatory Cells, Gustatory Hair: Components of taste receptors
• 5 Tastes and their Stimuli: Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
• Papillae containing taste buds: Specific structures containing taste buds

Smell

• Olfactory Neuron, Bipolar, Olfactory Epithelium, Olfactory Cilia, Regeneration: Components of smell receptors
• Olfactory Receptors and Detection: Large number of receptors for diverse odors.

Vision

• Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Control eye movement
• Tunics of the Eye (Fibrous, Vascular, Sensory): Layers making up the eye
• Internal Anatomy of the Eye: Cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, aqueous/vitreous humor; each part's function
• Autonomic Regulation of Iris: Parasympathetic (sphincter pupillae) & sympathetic (dilator pupillae) control eye dilation
• Neural Layer of Retina (Ganglion, Bipolar, Photoreceptor Cells, Rods, Cones): Light detection and processing in retina
• Optic Nerve Formation: Bundle of axons from retinal cells

Hearing

• External Anatomy of Ear: Pinna (auricle), auditory canal, tympanic membrane
• Internal Anatomy of Ear: Oval window, cochlea, scala tympani/vestibuli/media, spiral organ of Corti, hair cells, basilar membrane
• Sound Frequency Perception: Different regions of the cochlea respond to different frequencies
• Hearing Pathway: Detailed sound transduction pathway

Equilibrium

• Macula, Otoliths: Static equilibrium detection
• Semicircular Canals, Endolymph, Ampulla, Cupula: Dynamic equilibrium detection
• Static Equilibrium: Position and movement relative to gravity
• Dynamic Equilibrium: Position and movement relative to inertial forces