CNS 2nd Year Temperature Control Overview

<p>It limits the evaporation of sweat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased heart rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain core temperature without other mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evaporation of water from the skin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They adjust blood flow to the skin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When lying on a cold operating room table (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular agitation and kinetic energy transfer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infrared radiating sources like the sun (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat transfer through warmed air or water currents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ambient temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing muscle contractions and tone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brown fat metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traps warm air close to the skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormone levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve afferent signalling to the hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the CNS and internal abdominal organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Finding a warm beverage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central thermoreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPV1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium and sodium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the hypothalamus and internal organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not respond to cold. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide information about external temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPM8+/- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It opens and allows ion flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is activated by capsaicin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It triggers an action potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stabilize the open state in response to cold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As non-selective cation channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a higher activation threshold than TRPV1. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPV3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPM8+/- mice show an intermediate cold response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Above 43°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle tone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less efficient thermoregulatory responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luteal phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Core thermoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early morning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation of skin blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It typically exhibits diurnal variations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It controls heat loss via sweat glands and blood vessel adjustments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature difference and thermal conductivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colder surfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infrared (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It considers the temperature of surrounding objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faster-moving molecules pass on some of their kinetic energy to the cooler molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPM8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They monitor core body temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (B), Sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformational change in receptor domains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A non-selective cation channel activated by cold (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher sensitivity than TRPM8-/- mice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold stabilizes the open state, while warmth causes fluctuations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the skin and mucous membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have reduced TRPM8 expression and an intermediate cold-sensing response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPV2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit a complete lack of cold sensing through the TRPM8 pathway. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRPV3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nociceptive neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An action potential is triggered. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capsaicin and protons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They respond to normal body temperature and warmer stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced metabolic rate and impaired vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luteal phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowest in the early morning and highest in the late afternoon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased shivering (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They detect temperature variations in the body's core. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Young children and elderly individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature varies with time of day independent of activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sweating and feeling chilled (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates cooling by seeking a cooler environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation and sweating help to lower body temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reye’s syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhanced blood flow to the skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause the hypothalamus to increase temperature set-point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action of pyrogens on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onset of heat stroke symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By elevating the hypothalamic set-point, inducing fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of judgment due to rapid cooling of cerebral functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Employing ice packs or water sprays for cooling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated metabolic rate and heat production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a defense mechanism by inhibiting pathogen growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of maintaining a stable internal body temperature.

Adjusting blood vessel size in the skin to regulate heat loss or gain.

Narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow, and conserving heat.

Widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the skin, promoting heat loss.

An evaporative cooling mechanism that releases heat from the body.

The range of environmental temperatures where body temperature is maintained by vasomotor responses alone.

Glands that produce sweat to help regulate body temperature.

Describes air that is saturated with water vapor, limiting the body's ability to cool itself through evaporation.

Processes by which heat energy moves from one object or system to another.

The emission of infrared (heat) energy from a warmer body to a cooler one.

The transfer of heat between objects in direct contact.

The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

The process by which a liquid changes to a gas, carrying heat with it.

Heat produced by chemical reactions within the body, such as oxidative phosphorylation.

A form of electromagnetic radiation beyond the visible light spectrum emitted by warm objects like the body.

The body loses substantial heat by radiation and other mechanisms, like conduction.

Rhythmic muscle contractions that involuntarily generate heat in response to cold.

Specialized fat tissue that generates heat through increased metabolism, primarily in newborns and some animals.

Hair-raising response to cold, where tiny muscles at the base of hair contract, trapping air for insulation.

Actions taken to minimize heat absorption, like finding shade or water.

Actions taken to increase heat production, like adding more clothing.

The amount of energy your body burns at rest, which influences heat production.

The body's system for maintaining a stable internal temperature by adjusting heat production and loss.

Sensors in the skin that detect external temperature changes and relay this information to the brain.

Transient Receptor Potential Channels (TRP) are ion channels in the nerve endings of thermoreceptors, sensitive to temperature changes. They are responsible for detecting cold and hot temperatures.

TRPM8 (Transient Receptor Potential MelaStatin 8) is a specific type of TRP channel activated by cold temperatures and menthol.

Cold temperatures cause a conformational change in the structure of TRPM8, opening the ion channels.

When TRPM8 opens, it allows the flow of ions into the neuron, leading to depolarization of the cell membrane.

TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1) is a different type of TRP channel activated by high temperatures.

When the temperature rises above a certain threshold, the TRPV1 channel opens, allowing ions to flow into the neuron.

Free nerve endings are unspecialized, slower-conducting nerve fibers that contain TRP channels and are responsible for detecting temperature.

TRP channels are essential for allowing the body to sense and respond to temperature changes in the environment and internally.

A gene that encodes for the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) protein, a key component of cold-sensing receptors in the peripheral nervous system.

The level of activity or presence of the TRPM8 gene in cells or tissues. High expression indicates that many TRPM8 receptors are present and functional.

A genetic state where an organism has one functional copy and one non-functional or deleted copy of the TRPM8 gene. This leads to reduced cold sensation.

A genetic state where an organism has both copies of the TRPM8 gene non-functional or deleted. This results in a complete loss of cold sensation.

A type of ion channel found in sensory neurons that is activated by heat, acid, and capsaicin (the active ingredient in chili peppers).

TRPV2 has a higher activation threshold than TRPV1, meaning it responds to even hotter temperatures. It is also sensitive to stretch and pressure.

TRPV3 detects warm temperatures and is also involved in skin care and pancreatic function.

When a temperature change stimulates a sensory neuron, it triggers an action potential (electrical signal) that travels to the brain. This signal informs the brain about the temperature change.

The control center for thermoregulation in the brain. It receives signals from thermoreceptors and activates mechanisms to maintain a stable internal body temperature.

Sensors located in the internal organs (like the brain) that monitor the core body temperature.

The very young and elderly are more vulnerable to temperature extremes due to less efficient thermoregulation.

Our core body temperature fluctuates throughout the day, reaching its lowest point in the morning and highest in the evening.

A woman's body temperature rises during the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle due to the effects of progesterone.

The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary functions like sweating, blood vessel constriction, and shivering, all involved in thermoregulation.

The sympathetic nervous system works to maintain body temperature by:

1. Vasoconstriction/vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin
2. Activating sweat glands
3. Signaling skeletal muscle for shivering

Heat transfer between objects in direct contact. The warmer object transfers heat to the cooler one.

Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). Warmer fluids rise, and cooler fluids sink, creating currents.

Liquid changes to a gas, carrying heat with it. This is a significant heat loss mechanism for the body.

Understanding heat transfer principles is crucial for managing clinical scenarios such as hypothermia (low body temperature), burns (excess heat damage), and fever (elevated body temperature).

The temperature of the surrounding environment. It influences the amount of heat the body gains or loses.

When a temperature change stimulates a sensory neuron, it triggers an action potential (electrical signal) that travels to the brain, indicating the temperature change.

A dangerous drop in core body temperature below the normal range. It can occur due to accidents in cold environments or underlying medical conditions.

An abnormally high body temperature exceeding the normal range. It can be caused by intense exercise, medical conditions, or environmental heat.

Fever is an adaptive response to infection. It raises the body's temperature set-point to fight pathogens and helps combat infections.

Substances released in response to infection that trigger a fever by acting on the hypothalamus to raise the body's temperature set-point.

The ideal or normal body temperature that the hypothalamus tries to maintain.

A life-threatening condition caused by prolonged exposure to heat, where the body's temperature control breaks down and core temperature rises dangerously high.

Hyperthermia caused by intense exercise, where muscle activity generates substantial heat, exceeding the body's ability to cool down effectively.

The hypothalamus is the brain region that acts as the control center for thermoregulation. It receives signals about body temperature from various receptors and coordinates actions to maintain a stable internal temperature.

Peripheral thermoreceptors are located in the skin and sense temperature changes in the external environment. This information is sent to the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus compares the information from peripheral and core thermoreceptors with a set point, the target body temperature. It then activates mechanisms to cool down or warm up the body as needed.

When body temperature rises above the set point, the hypothalamus triggers mechanisms to cool down, such as vasodilation (widening blood vessels in the skin) and sweating.

If your body temperature dips below the set point, the hypothalamus activates mechanisms to generate heat, such as vasoconstriction (narrowing blood vessels) and shivering.

The very young and elderly have less efficient thermoregulatory systems, making them more sensitive to temperature changes and more susceptible to heatstroke or hypothermia.

Our core body temperature naturally fluctuates throughout the day, reaching its lowest point in the early morning and peaking in the late afternoon.

A woman's body temperature increases slightly during the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle due to the thermogenic effect of progesterone.

Substances that trigger fever by raising the hypothalamus's temperature set point.

Antipyretic medications like paracetamol and aspirin reduce fever by acting on the hypothalamus to lower the temperature set point.

This is when the body starts cooling down, initiated by processes like vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral changes.

The temperature the hypothalamus maintains for the body, which can be raised by pyrogens or lowered by antipyretics.

Widening of blood vessels in the skin, allowing more heat to be released from the body.

Evaporation of sweat from the skin removes heat from the body, acting as an evaporative cooling mechanism.

The body temperature returns to normal, assuming the underlying infection has been successfully managed by the immune system.

Pyrogens stimulate the release of prostaglandins, which then signal the hypothalamus to raise the temperature set point, causing fever.

Ion channels in nerve endings of thermoreceptors that are sensitive to temperature changes. They help detect hot and cold temperatures.

They are unspecialized, slower-conducting nerve fibers that contain TRP channels and sense temperature changes.