Questions and Answers
List examples of activities of daily living.
Bathing, perineal care, toileting, mouth care, shampooing and combing the hair, nail care, shaving, dressing, eating, walking and transferring.
List 5 reasons that a resident may need help with personal care.
Give examples of how to promote dignity and independence while giving personal care.
Encourage residents to do as much as they can, knock and wait for permission to enter, not interrupt residents while they are in the bathroom, leave the room when residents receive or make phone calls, respect residents' private time and personal things, not interrupt resident while they are dressing.
What are five things about a resident that a NA can observe during personal care?
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Why is preventing pressure ulcers extremely important?
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When skin begins to break down, what does it look like?
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List ten signs to observe and report about a resident's skin.
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At a minimum, how often should residents be repositioned?
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List four examples of positioning devices and explain how they can help.
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Why is it unnecessary for many elderly people to have a complete bath or shower every day?
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Why should residents, as well as NAs, test the water temperature before bathing?
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Why should the NA wipe from front to back when giving perineal care?
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List two benefits of back rubs.
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Why should bath oils, lotions, or powders NOT be used in showers or tubs?
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Explain why NAs must be especially careful while giving nail care to diabetic residents.
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Why should an NA wear gloves while shaving residents?
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List the reasons why electric razors should not be used near water or when O2 is in use.
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What are the symptoms of head lice?
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If a resident has an affected side due to stroke or an injury, how should the NA refer to that side?
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When dressing a resident with a weaker side, which arm is usually placed through the sleeve first?
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What does oral care consist of?
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What is the minimum number of times per day that oral care is done?
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How can NAs help prevent aspiration during oral care of unconscious residents?
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Why should hot water not be used on dentures?
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What is the normal color of urine?
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List five things to observe and report to the nurse about urine.
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What is the best position for women to be in to have normal urination? And for men?
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When performing perineal care, in what direction should the NA wipe the resident?
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How should a standard bedpan be positioned? How should a fracture pan be positioned?
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List and define types of incontinence.
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Is urinary incontinence a normal part of aging?
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Why should a NA never refer to an incontinence brief as a diaper?
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What are four ways that NA can help prevent UTIs?
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Why should the catheter drainage bag always be kept lower than the hips or bladder?
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Why should catheter tubing be kept as straight as possible?
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What are the types of catheters?
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List five signs and symptoms to report to the nurse about catheters.
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What is a clean catch urine specimen?
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How can NAs help reduce discomfort and embarrassment when assisting with specimen collection?
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List four things reagent strips can test for in urine.
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Why do residents who are incontinent need careful perineal care?
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About how long after fluids are taken should the NA offer to take a resident to the bathroom?
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Out of the list of guidelines for bladder retraining, list two that help promote dignity.
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How does stool normally appear?
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List five things to observe and report to the nurse about stool.
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What is the best position for bowel elimination? What should be done if a person cannot get out of bed for defecation?
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List three possible treatments for constipation.
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List three signs of fecal impaction.
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List three causes of diarrhea.
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What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
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What are two things that people with peptic ulcers should avoid?
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What are three symptoms of colorectal cancer?
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In what position must the resident be placed for an enema?
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What should the NA do if a resident feels pain or if the NA feels resistance while giving an enema?
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What two things should not be included in a stool specimen?
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If a stool specimen needs to be tested for ova and parasites, what could be done immediately and why?
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What may occult blood in stool indicate?
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What are three reasons that a resident may need a colostomy or ileostomy?
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How often should an ostomy bag be emptied?
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What kind of foods may need to be eaten when a resident is going through bowel retraining?
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Study Notes
Activities of Daily Living
- Includes bathing, perineal care, toileting, mouth care, hair care, nail care, shaving, dressing, eating, walking, and transferring.
Reasons for Assistance with Personal Care
- Elderly or disabled residents may require help due to physical limitations, cognitive impairments, recovery from surgery, lack of energy, or fear of falling.
Promoting Dignity and Independence
- Encourage residents to participate in personal care as much as possible.
- Knock and await permission before entering resident's spaces.
- Avoid interrupting residents while using the bathroom.
- Respect residents' privacy during phone calls and personal time.
Observations During Personal Care
- Important areas to observe include skin condition, mental state, mobility, flexibility, comfort level, emotional state, and ability to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADLs).
Pressure Ulcers
- Stages of pressure ulcers range from intact skin with redness to full skin loss involving deeper tissue damage.
- Preventing pressure ulcers is essential for resident comfort and health.
Skin Breakdown Indicators
- Skin appears pale, white, or reddened in areas beginning to break down.
Signs to Report About Skin
- Key indicators include discoloration, blistering, pain or change in sensation, dryness, rashes, and any drainage, broken skin, or wounds.
Repositioning Residents
- Residents should be repositioned every 2 hours to prevent skin breakdown and enhance comfort.
Positioning Devices
- Devices like backrests, bed cradles, draw sheets, and footboards can aid in resident positioning and comfort.
Bathing Frequency for the Elderly
- Daily complete baths are often unnecessary; partial baths help maintain skin health without excessive dryness.
Water Temperature Testing
- Both residents and NAs should check water temperature to ensure comfort and prevent burns.
Perineal Care Hygiene
- Wiping from front to back helps prevent bacterial infections.
Benefits of Back Rubs
- Provides reflex relief and enhances circulation.
Bath Oils and Lotions
- Should not be used in bathtubs or showers as they create slippery surfaces.
Nail Care for Diabetic Residents
- Nail care should be conducted carefully to avoid infections due to poor circulation that can lead to severe wounds or amputation.
Safety Measures While Shaving
- Wearing gloves is necessary to prevent exposure to blood.
Electric Razor Precautions
- Should not be used near water or with oxygen present to avoid explosion hazards.
Head Lice Symptoms
- Characterized by itching, bite marks, sores on the scalp, and matted, foul-smelling hair.
Referring to Weaker Side
- Affected side from a stroke or injury should be referred to as the "weaker side."
Dressing Techniques
- When dressing, start with the weak side first and undress the strong side last.
Oral Care Components
- Involves brushing teeth, tongue, gums, flossing, and caring for lips and dentures.
Oral Care Frequency
- Minimum of twice a day.
Preventing Aspiration
- For unconscious residents, turning them on their side can help prevent aspiration during oral care.
Dentures Care
- Hot water can warp dentures, so should be avoided.
Normal Urine Color
- Urine is typically pale yellow.
Urine Observation
- Key signs to report include changes in color, odor, presence of pain, or unusual substances.
Normal Urination Positions
- Women should sit, while men can stand; avoid lying supine to reduce pressure on the bladder.
Perineal Care Technique
- Wipe from front to back to minimize infection risks.
Bedpan Positioning
- Standard bedpans should align with resident's buttocks, while fracture pans have the handle directed towards foot.
Types of Incontinence
- Includes urinary, stress, urge, mixed, reflex, functional, and overflow incontinence; each type defined by its causes and characteristics.
Incontinence and Aging
- Not considered a normal part of aging; requires reporting and monitoring of symptoms.
Dignity in Incontinence Products
- Referring to incontinence briefs as "diapers" can cause embarrassment and should be avoided.
UTI Prevention Strategies
- Involves proper perineal hygiene, encouraging fluid intake, regular toileting, and prompt reporting of suspicious urine characteristics.
Catheter Care
- Place catheter drainage bags lower than the hips to prevent backflow and potential infections; tubing should remain straight to avoid kinks.
Catheter Types
- Straight catheter (used once), indwelling catheter (remains in place), and condom catheter (external attachment) each serve different needs.
Signs to Report for Catheters
- Report blood in urine, lack of bag filling, urinary leaks, discomfort, or unusual odors.
Clean Catch Urine Specimen Procedure
- Clean area, initiate urination into the toilet to clear urethra, then catch urine in a sterile container.
Care for Specimen Collection
- Offer privacy and support to reduce discomfort and embarrassment during collection.
Reagent Strips for Urine Testing
- Can test for pH, protein, glucose, and other characteristics indicative of health status.
Importance of Perineal Care
- Required for residents with incontinence to maintain skin integrity and prevent infections.
Bathroom Assistance Timing
- Offer bathroom assistance about 30 minutes after fluid intake to encourage regular urination.
Bladder Retraining Dignity Guidelines
- Strategies should emphasize resident dignity and comfort during training.
Normal Appearance of Stool
- Stools should appear brown, soft, and tubular.
Stool Observations
- Report unusual stool colors, consistency, pain during bowel movements, or any discharge.
Bowels Elimination Position
- Best posture is squatting; raise the head of the bed for bedridden residents.
Treatment Options for Constipation
- Encourage physical activity, develop healthy personal habits, and consider medications like laxatives.
Signs of Fecal Impaction
- May manifest as a lack of stool for several days, cramping, or oozing liquid stool.
Causes of Diarrhea
- Bacterial or viral infections, and irritants from foods or medications; treatment may involve dietary adjustments.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- A chronic condition where stomach contents back up into the esophagus, potentially causing serious complications.
Peptic Ulcer Precautions
- Individuals should avoid smoking and alcohol, as they exacerbate conditions.
Colorectal Cancer Symptoms
- Changes in bowel habits, cramps, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding are key indicators.
Enema Positioning
- Residents should be positioned in the Sims position for effective treatment.
Enema Administration Cautions
- If the resident experiences pain or resistance, halt the procedure and inform a nurse immediately.
Stool Specimen Collection Considerations
- Ensure specimens are collected without contamination from urine or toilet paper.
Specimen Testing for Ova and Parasites
- Specimens should be transported to the lab promptly for analysis.
Occult Blood Presence in Stool
- Indicates possible colorectal cancer or other serious infections.
Colostomy and Ileostomy Requirements
- May be needed due to bowel diseases, cancers, or traumatic injuries.
Ostomy Bag Maintenance
- Should be emptied whenever stool is expelled to ensure cleanliness and comfort.
Dietary Considerations During Bowel Retraining
- Encourage fluid intake, fiber-rich foods, and adherence to specific dietary guidelines as ordered.
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Description
Test your understanding of the essential activities of daily living and the importance of personal care in nursing. This quiz covers reasons residents may require assistance and ways to promote dignity and independence during personal care. Perfect for CNA students preparing for their exams.