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Questions and Answers
What is a key reason why scientists perform research?
Which of the following concepts differentiates a hypothesis from a research question?
Which type of research design includes a pretest and a posttest for a control group?
What does the term 'validity' refer to in research evaluation?
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What should an interviewee avoid when responding to interview questions?
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Which component is NOT considered part of the anatomy of an argument?
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Which fallacy involves drawing a conclusion based on ambiguous language?
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What is considered a dimension of credibility in persuasion?
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Which of the following statements most accurately describes the independent variable in experimental research?
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In the context of argument structure, which element acts as the foundation that supports the claim?
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What best illustrates the concept of 'data saturation' in descriptive research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of descriptive research?
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What distinguishes central processing from peripheral processing in the elaboration likelihood model?
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Which type of nonverbal communication can potentially impact the success of an interview?
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In evaluating research studies, what is meant by external validity?
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Which fallacy involves making an assumption based solely on insufficient evidence or sweeping generalizations?
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Study Notes
Why Major in Communication
- Top skills valued by employers include critical thinking, teamwork, communication, and problem-solving.
- High demand for communication majors in various fields after graduation.
Purpose of Research
- Scientists conduct research to explain phenomena, predict outcomes, and create meaningful changes.
- Key research concepts include:
- Variable: Any factor that can change.
- Conceptual Definition: Theoretical meaning; Operational Definition: How it is measured.
- Hypothesis: Predictive statement; Research Question: Inquiry seeking information.
- Confounding Variable: An extraneous factor that may affect results.
- Independent Variable: The manipulated factor in an experiment.
- Dependent Variable: The factor measured to assess an effect.
Experimental Research
- Experimental research is defined by manipulation and controlled environments.
- Key designs include:
- One Shot Case Study: Measure effects after one intervention.
- Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design: Measure before and after intervention while comparing with a control group.
- Posttest-Only Control Group Design: Measure outcomes only after intervention in comparison to a control group.
- Solomon Four Design: Combines pretest and posttest designs to control for potential pretest effects.
Descriptive Research
- Descriptive research focuses on providing detailed snapshots and includes methods like:
- In-Depth Interviews: Gathering detailed personal accounts.
- Focus Groups: Discussions to explore opinions and attitudes.
- Observation: Collecting data through direct viewing.
- Member Checking: Validating findings with participants.
- Data Saturation: The point where no new information is obtained from data collection.
Evaluating Research
- Assess research significance based on its relevance and contribution.
-
Validity:
- External Validity: Generalizability of results to other contexts.
- Internal Validity: The degree to which results are attributable to the independent variable.
Interviewing
- Research is critical for understanding the company and role before interviews.
- Making a good impression includes preparation and authenticity.
- Considerations for success:
- Nonverbal Communication: Eye contact, body language, and posture matter.
- Successful Applicant Traits: Demonstrated skills, confidence, and professional demeanor.
- Tips for answering questions include being direct, honest, and keeping answers focused.
- Difficult question strategies:
- Address job departure honestly, articulate weaknesses positively, and clarify challenging supervisor experiences.
Asking Questions as an Interviewee
- Prepare thoughtful questions that reflect interest in the role and organization.
- Be wary of pitfalls such as asking about salary or benefits too early.
General Interview Tips
- Dress appropriately for the interview context.
- Practice responses to common questions to enhance confidence.
Argument and Argument Structure
- An argument is defined as presenting reasoned claims and engaging in disagreement.
- Anatomy of an argument includes:
- Claim: Assertion or statement.
- Grounds: Evidence supporting the claim.
- Qualifier: Indicates the strength of the claim.
- Warrant: Justification connecting claim and grounds.
- Backing: Additional support for the warrant.
- Rebuttal: Counter-arguments addressing opposition.
Standards for Good Arguments
- Arguments should meet criteria of acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency to be effective.
Fallacies
- Recognize different fallacies:
- Fallacies of Relevance: Irrelevant reasons supporting an argument.
- Fallacies of Ambiguity: Misleading use of language causing confusion.
- Fallacies of Presumption: Arguments based on unwarranted assumptions.
Processes of Social Influence
- Persuasion is defined as influencing attitudes or behaviors; distinguish from manipulation and coercion.
- Early theorists included sophists, Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato, who contributed foundational ideas on rhetoric and persuasion.
Dimensions of Credibility
- Key components include:
- Competence: Knowledgeability states.
- Trustworthiness: Reliability and honesty.
- Goodwill: Perceived intent to help vs. harm.
- Social Attractiveness: Relatability and appealing presence.
Theories of Persuasion
-
Elaboration Likelihood Model:
- Central Processing: Deep, analytical thinking; promotes long-term attitude change.
- Peripheral Processing: Influenced by superficial cues; leads to temporary change.
- Balance Theory: Examines relationships among beliefs and attitudes, emphasizing the need for harmony.
- Diffusion Theory: Studies how new ideas or products spread within cultures, emphasizing the innovation-decision process and attributes determining adoption.
Why Major in Communication
- Top skills valued by employers include critical thinking, teamwork, communication, and problem-solving.
- High demand for communication majors in various fields after graduation.
Purpose of Research
- Scientists conduct research to explain phenomena, predict outcomes, and create meaningful changes.
- Key research concepts include:
- Variable: Any factor that can change.
- Conceptual Definition: Theoretical meaning; Operational Definition: How it is measured.
- Hypothesis: Predictive statement; Research Question: Inquiry seeking information.
- Confounding Variable: An extraneous factor that may affect results.
- Independent Variable: The manipulated factor in an experiment.
- Dependent Variable: The factor measured to assess an effect.
Experimental Research
- Experimental research is defined by manipulation and controlled environments.
- Key designs include:
- One Shot Case Study: Measure effects after one intervention.
- Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design: Measure before and after intervention while comparing with a control group.
- Posttest-Only Control Group Design: Measure outcomes only after intervention in comparison to a control group.
- Solomon Four Design: Combines pretest and posttest designs to control for potential pretest effects.
Descriptive Research
- Descriptive research focuses on providing detailed snapshots and includes methods like:
- In-Depth Interviews: Gathering detailed personal accounts.
- Focus Groups: Discussions to explore opinions and attitudes.
- Observation: Collecting data through direct viewing.
- Member Checking: Validating findings with participants.
- Data Saturation: The point where no new information is obtained from data collection.
Evaluating Research
- Assess research significance based on its relevance and contribution.
-
Validity:
- External Validity: Generalizability of results to other contexts.
- Internal Validity: The degree to which results are attributable to the independent variable.
Interviewing
- Research is critical for understanding the company and role before interviews.
- Making a good impression includes preparation and authenticity.
- Considerations for success:
- Nonverbal Communication: Eye contact, body language, and posture matter.
- Successful Applicant Traits: Demonstrated skills, confidence, and professional demeanor.
- Tips for answering questions include being direct, honest, and keeping answers focused.
- Difficult question strategies:
- Address job departure honestly, articulate weaknesses positively, and clarify challenging supervisor experiences.
Asking Questions as an Interviewee
- Prepare thoughtful questions that reflect interest in the role and organization.
- Be wary of pitfalls such as asking about salary or benefits too early.
General Interview Tips
- Dress appropriately for the interview context.
- Practice responses to common questions to enhance confidence.
Argument and Argument Structure
- An argument is defined as presenting reasoned claims and engaging in disagreement.
- Anatomy of an argument includes:
- Claim: Assertion or statement.
- Grounds: Evidence supporting the claim.
- Qualifier: Indicates the strength of the claim.
- Warrant: Justification connecting claim and grounds.
- Backing: Additional support for the warrant.
- Rebuttal: Counter-arguments addressing opposition.
Standards for Good Arguments
- Arguments should meet criteria of acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency to be effective.
Fallacies
- Recognize different fallacies:
- Fallacies of Relevance: Irrelevant reasons supporting an argument.
- Fallacies of Ambiguity: Misleading use of language causing confusion.
- Fallacies of Presumption: Arguments based on unwarranted assumptions.
Processes of Social Influence
- Persuasion is defined as influencing attitudes or behaviors; distinguish from manipulation and coercion.
- Early theorists included sophists, Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato, who contributed foundational ideas on rhetoric and persuasion.
Dimensions of Credibility
- Key components include:
- Competence: Knowledgeability states.
- Trustworthiness: Reliability and honesty.
- Goodwill: Perceived intent to help vs. harm.
- Social Attractiveness: Relatability and appealing presence.
Theories of Persuasion
-
Elaboration Likelihood Model:
- Central Processing: Deep, analytical thinking; promotes long-term attitude change.
- Peripheral Processing: Influenced by superficial cues; leads to temporary change.
- Balance Theory: Examines relationships among beliefs and attitudes, emphasizing the need for harmony.
- Diffusion Theory: Studies how new ideas or products spread within cultures, emphasizing the innovation-decision process and attributes determining adoption.
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Description
Prepare for your CMN 102 Exam with this comprehensive study guide covering essential topics. Learn about the significance of majoring in Communication and understand the crucial role research plays in the field. Master key concepts and skills needed to excel in communication-related careers.
