Cluster C Disorders and Avoidant Personality
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cluster C disorders?

  • Euphoric mood states (correct)
  • Inhibition in social situations
  • Anxiety and fearfulness
  • Desire for social interaction

Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation?

  • Avoidant personality disorder (correct)
  • Dependent personality disorder
  • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
  • Narcissistic personality disorder

What was a significant factor in Sally's behavior during social situations?

  • She lacked self-awareness.
  • She actively sought out social interactions.
  • She was concerned about being criticized. (correct)
  • She often felt overconfident.

Which aspect of therapy was focused on for Sally's treatment?

<p>Enhancing assertiveness and social skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Sally cope with her father's alcohol-related behavior?

<p>She limited her friendships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prevalent and stable feature of avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Feelings of inadequacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sally do when she felt uncomfortable at the party?

<p>Left in a hurry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the diagnosis for avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Theodore Millon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of avoidant behaviors on occupational functioning?

<p>Difficulty in meeting job demands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following DSM 5 criteria is NOT related to avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Exhibits extreme competitiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the estimated prevalence of avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Equal prevalence among men and women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might genetics contribute to avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Affects temperament and is moderately heritable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological condition is often linked to the early experiences of individuals with avoidant personality disorder?

<p>A sense of shame (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact might early rejection by parents have on a child predisposed to avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Results in low self-esteem and social alienation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior exemplifies an individual with avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Avoiding new activities to prevent embarrassment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way are introversion and neuroticism related to avoidant personality disorder?

<p>They are elevated and moderately heritable traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely consequence of harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood according to cognitive theorists?

<p>Assuming others will judge them negatively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do behavioral theorists explain the maintenance of avoidant personality disorder?

<p>By failing to develop normal social skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy helps clients change their distressing beliefs and improve their self-image?

<p>Cognitive therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is group therapy particularly beneficial for individuals with avoidant personality disorder?

<p>It allows practice in social interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might individuals with avoidant personality disorder think when they perceive rejection?

<p>Rejection is a reflection of their personal deficiencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Matthew’s relationship with his mother impact his self-perception?

<p>He criticizes himself for being weak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of using antianxiety and antidepressant drugs for individuals with avoidant personality disorder?

<p>Reduction of social anxiety symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What internal conflict does Matthew face regarding his mother and relationships?

<p>He wishes to assert independence but remains fearful (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the behavior of individuals with dependent personality disorder?

<p>An excessive need for care leading to submissive and clingy behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT commonly associated with dependent personality disorder?

<p>High levels of assertiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common childhood experience for individuals with dependent personality disorder mentioned in the context?

<p>Separation anxiety and homesickness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dependent personality disorder potentially impact relationships?

<p>By causing individuals to fear losing supportive relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the prevalence of dependent personality disorder?

<p>It is estimated to occur in 1 to 2 percent of the population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might an individual with dependent personality disorder express when faced with making decisions?

<p>A reluctance due to needing excessive advice and reassurance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior can result from the excessive need for care in dependent personality disorder?

<p>Staying in unhealthy or abusive relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT qualify as a DSM 5 criterion for dependent personality disorder?

<p>An excessive need for control in relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is often exhibited by individuals with dependent personality disorder in social situations?

<p>They fear loss of support or approval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological trait found in people with dependent personality disorder?

<p>Lack of self-confidence in judgment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with dependent personality disorder typically respond to the end of a close relationship?

<p>They seek immediate support from others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason psychodynamic theorists suggest may contribute to dependent personality disorder?

<p>Overinvolvement and overprotection by parents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a core belief associated with dependent personality disorder according to cognitive theorists?

<p>I can only succeed with help from others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do behaviorists suggest about the upbringing of individuals with dependent personality disorder?

<p>Love was often withdrawn for clingy behaviors. (B), They were excessively punished for independent actions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does exaggerated fear of being alone manifest in individuals with dependent personality disorder?

<p>They experience discomfort or helplessness when by themselves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following depicts a possible consequence of unresolved conflicts during the oral stage of development, according to Freudian theorists?

<p>A lifelong need for nurturance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

<p>They display perfectionism and an excessive need for control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of therapy focuses on the transference of dependency needs onto the therapist?

<p>Psychodynamic therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic approach combines assertiveness training and cognitive restructuring for individuals with dependency issues?

<p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads individuals like Alan to experience physical complaints such as tension headaches and stomachaches?

<p>Excessive perfectionism and rigid routines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario may group therapy be particularly beneficial?

<p>When clients benefit from support and models from peers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication has been found helpful for individuals with personality disorders accompanied by depression?

<p>Antidepressant medications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might cognitive-behavioral therapists aim to change in clients dealing with feelings of incompetence?

<p>Their assumptions of incompetence and helplessness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Alan’s coworkers perceive him in his workplace?

<p>As someone who was often upset over minor changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A personality disorder where individuals feel extreme discomfort and inhibition in social situations, are overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy, and are very sensitive to negative evaluation.

Social Inhibition

Feeling overwhelmed and uncomfortable in social situations, leading to avoidance.

Fear of Criticism

A core characteristic of avoidant personality disorder, where individuals are highly sensitive to potential negative evaluations from others.

Inability to Form Close Friendships

Individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder often struggle to develop close relationships due to the fear of rejection or criticism.

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Hypersensitivity

An overly sensitive response to criticism or negative feedback.

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Social Isolation

Avoiding social interaction due to fear of judgment or rejection.

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Dependent Personality

A personality disorder where individuals feel dependent on others for their emotional and physical support.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality

A personality disorder characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

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Occupational Impact

Avoidant behaviors can hinder career advancement due to avoidance of social situations necessary for job success.

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Prevalence

Estimated at 2.4% in the general population, affecting men and women equally.

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DSM-5 Criteria (Avoidant)

Four or more of: avoids social interaction, unwilling to engage unless certain of being liked, restrained in intimate relationships, preoccupied with rejection, inhibited in new situations, views self as socially inept, reluctant to take risks.

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Inhibited temperament

A possible source for avoidant personality, characterized by shyness and inhibition in new situations, from a young age.

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Genetic influence

Avoidant personality disorder shows at least partial genetic overlap with social phobia, moderate influence.

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Psychodynamic Theory

Suggests shame in childhood experiences, like bowel/bladder accidents, as a source for this disorder.

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Rejection by parents

A potential cause for avoidant personality disorder, resulting from insufficient or critical parental love during childhood, generating low self-esteem and social alienation.

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Cognitive Theory (Avoidant PD)

Harsh criticism and rejection in childhood can lead to a belief system that anticipates negative judgments from others.

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Behavioral Theory (Avoidant PD)

Lack of social skills can maintain avoidant personality disorder, as it prevents normal social development.

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Cognitive Therapy (Avoidant PD)

Helps individuals change negative thoughts and beliefs about themselves and others, improving self-image and coping.

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Behavioral Therapy (Avoidant PD)

Social skills training and exposure therapy gradually help people increase social interactions.

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Social Anxiety Medication

Antianxiety and antidepressant drugs can reduce social anxiety, but symptoms may return without continued use.

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Group Therapy (Avoidant PD)

Group therapy provides practice in social interactions; cognitive/behavioral groups are effective.

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Dependent Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior, and a fear of separation.

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Fear of Abandonment

A characteristic of dependent personality disorder, where individuals excessively fear being left alone or losing support from others.

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Submissiveness

A key behavioral characteristic of individuals with dependent personality disorder; a tendency to yield to others' desires and avoid conflict.

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DSM-5 Criteria

Diagnostic criteria used to identify dependent personality disorder outlined by the American Psychiatric Association; usually need at least 5 symptoms.

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Neuroticism & Agreeableness

Personality traits associated with Dependent Personality Disorder; high levels are often present.

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Difficulty making decisions

A symptom of dependent personality disorder; needing excessive advice and reassurance from others for everyday choices.

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Relationship Issues

Individuals with dependent personality disorder may remain in psychologically or physically abusive relationships due to the fear of losing support.

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Prevalence of Dependent Personality Disorder

Estimates suggest the disorder occurs in 1-2% of the population and is more common in women than men.

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Dependent Personality Disorder Symptoms

Difficulty expressing disagreement, initiating projects, seeking excessive nurturance, feeling uncomfortable alone, urgently seeking new relationships when a close one ends, and unrealistic fear of being alone.

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Etiology of Dependent Personality Disorder

Potential causes include genetic predispositions to neuroticism and agreeableness; unresolved conflicts during childhood, such as unmet needs affecting attachment and separation fears; or overprotective parenting leading to dependence and insecurity.

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Unresolved Conflicts (Etiology)

Unresolved conflicts stemming from childhood can lead to a lifelong need for support and nurturance, increasing dependency.

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Parental Loss/Rejection (Etiology)

Early parental loss or rejection can lead to fears of abandonment that persist into adulthood, impacting attachment.

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Overprotective Parenting (Etiology)

Overprotective parenting, in contrast to neglectful parenting, can also lead to dependent behaviors in children due to reduced opportunities for independence.

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Reinforcement and Punishment (Etiology)

Behavioral theories suggest that parents unintentionally reward clingy behaviors while punishing independent ones, indirectly contributing to dependency.

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Maladaptive Schemas (Etiology)

Cognitive theories highlight maladaptive schemas in dependent personality disorder, centered on beliefs about weakness, incompetence, requiring others for survival.

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Genetic Component (Etiology)

Personality traits like neuroticism and agreeableness, linked to dependent personality disorder have a genetic component.

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View of Self in Dependent Personality Disorder

Individuals with Dependent Personality Disorder often perceive themselves as weak, helpless, incompetent, and in need of constant support.

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View of Others in Dependent Personality Disorder

Individuals with Dependent Personality Disorder often view others as strong, nurturing, and able to care for them.

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Transferential Dependency in Therapy

Psychodynamic therapy for Dependent Personality Disorder focuses on how the patient projects their dependency needs onto the therapist.

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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Dependency

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for Dependent Personality Disorder focuses on changing both thoughts and behaviors to help individuals become more self-sufficient.

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Assertiveness Training in Dependency Therapy

Behavioral interventions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for Dependent Personality Disorder aim to help individuals express their own wishes and desires in relationships.

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Challenging Negative Thoughts in Dependency Therapy

Cognitive interventions in cognitive-behavioral therapy for Dependent Personality Disorder help individuals challenge and change their beliefs about their incompetence and helplessness.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A personality disorder marked by an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control, leading to rigid routines and difficulty relaxing.

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Study Notes

Cluster C Disorders

  • Cluster C personality disorders involve anxious and fearful behavior
  • Include Avoidant Personality Disorder, Dependent Personality Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder

  • Proposed by Theodore Millon (1981)
  • Characterized by discomfort and inhibition in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, and heightened sensitivity to negative evaluation
  • Individuals with this disorder often avoid social situations due to fear of criticism or rejection
  • The desire for affection often conflicts with the fear of rejection
  • These individuals may feel inadequate and perceive others as critical
  • Occupational functioning may suffer due to avoiding social situations important for advancement
  • Prevalence is estimated at 2.4% in the general population, affecting men and women equally

DSM 5 Criteria for Avoidant Personality Disorder

  • Avoids work activities requiring interpersonal contact due to fear of criticism or disapproval
  • Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked.
  • Shows restraint within intimate relationships due to fear of shame or ridicule
  • Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations
  • Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations due to feelings of inadequacy
  • Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others
  • Is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or engage in new activities due to fear of embarrassment

Etiology of Avoidant Personality Disorder

  • Some research suggests an innate inhibited temperament
  • Modest genetic influence
  • Introversion and neuroticism are elevated and heritable
  • Early childhood experiences of rejection or criticism may contribute to the development of low self-esteem and social alienation.
  • Parents' critical attitude toward the child may result in the child feeling unlovable

Dependent Personality Disorder

  • People rely on others for ordinary and important decisions, fearing abandonment.
  • Often agree with others even if their own opinions differ
  • Can lead to submissiveness, timidity, and passivity
  • Fear of losing support can result in remaining in abusive relationships
  • Characterized by high levels of neuroticism and agreeableness
  • Prevalence is 1-2% of the population, slightly more common in women than men

DSM 5 Criteria for Dependent Personality Disorder

  • Has difficulty making everyday decisions without advice from others
  • Needs others to assume responsibility
  • Has difficulty expressing disagreement due to fear of losing support
  • Avoids initiating projects or doing things alone due to lack of self-confidence
  • Goes to great lengths for support from others, volunteering for unpleasant tasks
  • Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone, fearing the inability to care for oneself
  • Urgently seeks another relationship when a close relationship ends.
  • Is unrealistically preoccupied with fear of being left to care for oneself

Etiology of Dependent Personality Disorder

  • Traits such as neuroticism and agreeableness are notable and have a genetic element
  • Early parental loss or rejection may contribute to the fear of abandonment.
  • Over-involved and overprotective parenting may foster dependence and insecurity

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

  • Perfectionism and excessive orderliness characterize this disorder
  • Individuals struggle to complete tasks
  • Cannot delegate, distrust others' abilities
  • Rigid routines and schedules are prioritized.
  • Difficulty relaxing and engaging in leisure activities
  • Prevalence is estimated to be 7.9% in the adult population, with a slightly higher prevalence in men

DSM 5 Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

  • Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost
  • Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion
  • Excessively devoted to work and productivity, prioritizing tasks to the exclusion of leisure and friendships.
  • Overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values
  • Cannot discard worn-out objects of little value
  • Reluctant to delegate tasks or work with others unless they submit to his/her way
  • Adopts a miserly spending style
  • Shows rigidity and stubbornness

Etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

  • High levels of conscientiousness
  • High assertiveness, low compliance
  • Low novelty seeking, high harm avoidance

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Cluster C Disorders PDF

Description

Explore Cluster C personality disorders, focusing on Avoidant Personality Disorder. Learn about its characteristics, symptoms, and the impact on social and occupational functioning. This quiz delves into the training proposed by Theodore Millon, highlighting key DSM-5 criteria.

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