Cloud-Native and Kubernetes Overview
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What is the primary purpose of a Service in Kubernetes?

  • To handle the control loop of the Kubernetes cluster
  • To store sensitive data in key-value pairs
  • To manage the scheduling of pods on nodes
  • To provide a static IP address and DNS name for a set of pods (correct)

    • Which component of Kubernetes is responsible for determining where to place pods on nodes?

  • API Server
  • Scheduler (correct)
  • Controller Manager
  • Kubelet

    • What is the role of the Scheduler in the Control Plane Node?

  • To determine where to start a pod on a worker node (correct)
  • To manage storage for Pods
  • To handle communication between nodes
  • To restart crashed Pods

    • What type of data is stored in a Secret in Kubernetes?

    <p>A small amount of sensitive data such as a password or token</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a StatefulSet provide guarantees about in Kubernetes?

    <p>The ordering and uniqueness of Pods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a Pod when its last remaining container dies?

    <p>The Pod is terminated and removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Kube Proxy in a Kubernetes cluster?

    <p>To provide routing and filtering rules for ingress traffic to pods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for storing the state of the cluster in Kubernetes?

    <p>etcd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do containers within the same Pod communicate with one another?

    <p>Using localhost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a Deployment in Kubernetes?

    <p>It is a blueprint for creating and managing pods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a ConfigMap primarily used for in Kubernetes?

    <p>To decouple environment-specific configuration from container images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of interacting with the Kubernetes API server?

    <p>Using the Kubernetes CLI KubeCTL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following file formats can be used for writing Kubernetes manifest files?

    <p>YAML and JSON</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the desired state for ReplicaSets and Pods in Kubernetes?

    <p>Deployment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding IP addresses assigned to Pods?

    <p>Each Pod gets its own private IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Kube Proxy on a Worker Node?

    <p>To facilitate communication between Pods and external services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key principles of Cloud-Native architecture?

    <p>Microservices, Containerization, Continuous Delivery, DevOps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a Cloud Service Provider (CSP)?

    <p>A collection of cloud services under a unified API</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Microservices architecture from Monolithic architecture?

    <p>Microservices separates functionality into isolated components, while Monolithic integrates everything into one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Pod in Kubernetes?

    <p>The smallest unit in Kubernetes, encapsulating one or more containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the difference between Worker nodes and Control Plane nodes in Kubernetes?

    <p>Control Plane nodes manage Worker nodes, which run applications and workloads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using Kubernetes over Docker?

    <p>Kubernetes can distribute container apps across multiple virtual machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Namespace in Kubernetes?

    <p>To isolate different workloads within a cluster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Containers improve upon the use of Virtual Machines (VMs)?

    <p>Containers isolate applications more effectively than VMs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of objects cannot be shared across different namespaces?

    <p>ConfigMaps and Secrets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes Out-of-Tree components in Kubernetes?

    <p>They must be installed manually and extend default behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between a Job and a CronJob in Kubernetes?

    <p>A Job is a one-off task, whereas a CronJob executes based on a schedule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of selectors are used in Kubernetes for selecting objects?

    <p>Label Selector, Field Selector, Node Selector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do endpoints function in relation to a Kubernetes Service?

    <p>Endpoints track the IP addresses of Pods assigned to a Service.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a ReplicaSet in Kubernetes?

    <p>To ensure high availability by maintaining the desired number of pod replicas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding StatefulSets in Kubernetes?

    <p>StatefulSet pods can be assigned unique ordinal index numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Headless Service in Kubernetes accomplish?

    <p>Facilitates the creation of unique DNS entries without a ClusterIP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Kubernetes namespaces is accurate?

    <p>Each resource name must be unique within its namespace but not across namespaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does traffic to the main pod in a StatefulSet get directed during write operations?

    <p>Via a Headless Service DNS hostname</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which namespace in Kubernetes is designated for system objects created by the Kubernetes system?

    <p>kube-system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kubernetes, what happens when a pod managed by a StatefulSet is rescheduled?

    <p>The original Persistent Volume will be mounted to ensure data integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to view all namespaces in a Kubernetes cluster?

    <p>kubectl get namespace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cloud-Native

    • Cloud-native emphasizes application workloads that are portable, modular, and isolated.
    • Cloud-native is characterized by four key principles:
      • Microservices: Multiple apps responsible for one thing, functionality is isolated and stateless.
      • Containerization: Allows running multiple apps that are virtually isolated from each other.
      • Continuous Delivery: Automated processes for software delivery.
      • DevOps: Collaboration and practices between development and operations.
    • A Cloud Service Provider (CSP) offers a collection of cloud services with application integration, metered billing, and a unified API.
    • Virtual Machines (VMs) are not space-efficient and lack application isolation, leading to configuration conflicts, security issues, and resource hogging.

    Kubernetes

    • Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containers.
    • Kubernetes provides the ability to run container applications across multiple VMs.
    • Pods are the smallest unit in Kubernetes, representing a group of one or more containers sharing storage, network resources, and settings.
    • Namespaces allow for grouping different workloads on the same cluster.
    • Nodes are virtual machines or physical servers.
      • Control Plane nodes manage worker nodes.
      • Worker nodes run applications and workloads.
    • A Service provides a stable IP address and DNS name for a set of pods, ensuring persistence even when pods are replaced.
    • Ingress translates HTTP/S rules to services.
    • API Server acts as the communication hub for interacting with Kubernetes components.
    • Kubelet is an agent installed on each node, enabling communication with the API Server and KubeCTL.
    • KubeCTL is a command-line interface for interacting with the cluster and components.
    • Cloud Controller Manager allows linking to cloud service providers like AWS, Azure, and GCP.
    • Controller Manager monitors the cluster state and ensures it aligns with the desired state.
    • Scheduler determines where to place pods on nodes.
    • Kube Proxy handles routing and filtering incoming traffic to pods on worker nodes.
    • Network Policy functions as a virtual firewall at the namespace or pod level.

    Kubernetes Components

    • ConfigMap stores non-confidential data in key-value pairs, decoupling environment-specific configurations from container images.
    • Secret stores small amounts of sensitive data, such as passwords, tokens, or keys.
    • Volumes provide a way to mount storage, including local storage on the node or remote cloud storage.
    • StatefulSet guarantees ordering and uniqueness of pods, ensuring consistent data flow.
    • ReplicaSet maintains a specified number of pods and provides availability guarantees.
    • Deployment serves as a blueprint for pods, allowing declarative updates to ReplicaSets and pods.
    • Manifest Files define the configurations of Kubernetes components.
      • Deployment File
      • PodSpec File
      • Network Policy File
    • Manifest Files can be written in:
      • YAML
      • JSON
    • kubectl apply is used to deploy manifest files.

    Cluster Components

    • Control Plane Node (formerly known as Master Node):
      • API Server: The backbone of communication.
      • Scheduler: Determines where to start pods on worker nodes.
      • Controller Manager: Detects state changes and performs actions like restarting crashed pods.
      • etcd: A Key/Value Store that stores the state of the cluster.
      • Kubelet: Allows interaction with the node via KubeCTL.
    • Worker Node:
      • Kubelet
      • Kube Proxy
      • Container Runtime
      • Pods and Containers

    Pods and Containers

    • Pods provide the smallest unit within Kubernetes.
    • Pods are designed for running one application and can have multiple containers.
    • Each Pod receives a private IP address and allows containers to communicate via localhost.
    • Pods can have shared storage volumes attached, accessible by all containers.
    • Pods are destroyed when the last container dies but the pod's IP address is ephemeral (temporary).

    API Server

    • The API Server exposes an HTTP API for communication between end users, components, and external systems.
    • The Kubernetes API allows querying and manipulating the state of API objects.
    • kube-apiserver is the main implementation of the Kubernetes API Server.
    • kube-apiserver scales horizontally by deploying more instances.
    • You can interact with the API Server through:
      • UI
      • API
      • CLI KubeCTL

    Deployment and Replication

    • Deployment provides declarative updates for Pods and ReplicaSets.
    • A Deployment defines the desired state of ReplicaSets and Pods.
    • The Deployment Controller manages the transition between actual and desired states.
    • ReplicaSets maintain a stable set of pod replicas for availability guarantees.
    • Stateful Sets ensure ordering and uniqueness of pods, with persistent volume attachment.
    • Stateless services do not rely on past data.
    • Stateful services rely on past data, such as databases.
    • Headless Service is a service with ClusterIP set to none, directing writes to the main pod and distributing reads across all pods.

    Namespaces, Persistent Volumes, and Endpoints

    • Namespaces logically isolate resources within a Kubernetes cluster, allowing organization based on projects or departments.
    • Namespaces have four initial namespaces:
      • default: For pods and services unless a namespace is specified.
      • kube-public: For publicly visible resources.
      • kube-system: For objects created by the Kubernetes system.
      • kube-node-lease: For node lease objects.
    • Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) dynamically references a Persistent Volume (PV), providing storage for pods.
    • Endpoints track pod IP addresses assigned to Kubernetes Services.
    • When a pod label matches the Service Selector, the pod IP address is added to the endpoints pool.

    Jobs, CronJobs, and Selectors

    • Background Jobs are one-off tasks executed as part of a job.
    • Job creates pods and retries execution until a specified number of pods successfully terminate.
    • CronJob executes jobs based on a repeating schedule.
    • Selectors are used to select Kubernetes objects based on:
      • Label Selector: Based on applied labels.
      • Field Selector: Based on object data (metadata, status).
      • Node Selector: For selective pod placement on nodes.
    • Label Selectors are defined as key-value pairs in the metadata section of manifest files.
    • kubectl get pods -show-labels is used to view pod labels.

    In-Tree and Out-of-Tree Plugins

    • In-Tree Plugins: Default components and functionality residing in the main repository.
    • Out-of-Tree Plugins: Manually installed components that extend or replace default functionality.

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    Kubernetes and Cloud Native Associate CheatSheet PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the principles of cloud-native architecture and introduces Kubernetes as a container orchestration system. Learn about microservices, containerization, continuous delivery, and the role of cloud service providers. Test your understanding of foundational concepts critical for modern software development.

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