Cloud Computing Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic of cloud computing allows users to manage resources without human intervention?

  • Resource pooling and multi-tenancy
  • On-demand self-service (correct)
  • Measured service
  • Rapid elasticity

    • What is a key feature of the Software as a Service (SaaS) model?

  • Access is limited to local installations only.
  • Web-based applications are provided over the internet. (correct)
  • Users manage the underlying infrastructure.
  • Developers must write code for backend infrastructure.

    • Which deployment model offers the highest degree of control over security and privacy?

  • Community cloud
  • Private cloud (correct)
  • Public cloud
  • Hybrid cloud

    • Which of the following is an example of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?

    <p>Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about resource pooling and multi-tenancy in cloud computing?

    <p>It allows dedicated resources for each user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables a single computer to run multiple independent virtual machines (VMs)?

    <p>Virtualization software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a hybrid cloud deployment model?

    <p>A combination of public and private clouds with interoperability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service model would typically include web-based email services like Gmail?

    <p>Software as a Service (SaaS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of server virtualization?

    <p>To reduce the number of servers required by utilizing idle resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypervisor runs directly on the hardware of a host?

    <p>Type 1 hypervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a Type 2 hypervisor?

    <p>VMware Workstation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In client-side virtualization, what does the host OS refer to?

    <p>The physical computer's operating system controlled by the user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a hypervisor play in virtualization?

    <p>It manages computer resources and provides access to hardware for VMs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is a common use case for client-side virtualization?

    <p>Testing new operating systems on a local computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Type 1 hypervisors?

    <p>They allocate resources directly from the hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding guest OS in virtualization?

    <p>It runs a complete operating system separate from the host OS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does low level software (Firmware) play in a typical microprocessor system?

    <p>It provides services to the operating systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically included in a microprocessor system?

    <p>User Interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technological advancement replaced electronic valves in computers during the late 1950s?

    <p>Transistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of semiconductor technology is primarily used in modern transistors for improved density and power consumption?

    <p>Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Integrated Circuits (ICs) in computing devices?

    <p>They yield smaller space and more reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the support logic in a microprocessor system?

    <p>It encompasses both clock and reset circuits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is described as connecting all devices for signal transmission in a microprocessor system?

    <p>Connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In how many contacts can modern integrated circuit chips communicate?

    <p>Up to 6096</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component in a computer system is primarily responsible for processing information?

    <p>Microprocessor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common interaction method utilized by peripherals in a computing platform?

    <p>Information exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of RISC compilers compared to CISC compilers?

    <p>RISC compilers take longer to compile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the specifications, how many cores are typically found in workstation class microprocessors?

    <p>12 - 24 cores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the instruction capabilities of graphic cores (GPUs) as mentioned in the specifications?

    <p>Limited to Math &amp; Logic instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the number of instructions generated for RISC compilers compare to those generated for CISC compilers?

    <p>RISC generates only slightly more instructions than CISC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the design for general-purpose compute cores?

    <p>Variety of instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neural Processing Units (NPUs) are designed primarily for what purpose?

    <p>Specific functions for neural network algorithms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical core count range for servers as per the specifications provided?

    <p>24 - 64 cores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about RISC processors is true?

    <p>RISC processors implement fewer total instruction types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of increasing the number of transistors on a chip?

    <p>Improves overall performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a wider data bus influence performance?

    <p>Increases bandwidth for data transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Moore's Law primarily concern?

    <p>The increase of transistor count on chips.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated transistor count in 2020?

    <p>50 BTr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'node' in semiconductor manufacturing?

    <p>It defines the transistor dimension for manufacturing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Wafer Scale Integration (WSI)?

    <p>It integrates the highest number of transistors on a single chip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of clock frequency on performance?

    <p>Higher clock frequency increases the speed of operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major transition occurred in semiconductor process nodes around 2010?

    <p>Nodes began to represent physical chip sizes rather than transistor dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is lithography essential in the manufacturing process of chips?

    <p>It prints and patterns the transistor layouts onto the silicon wafers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cloud Computing Fundamentals

    • Cloud computing promotes availability and is defined by five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.
    • Characteristics:
      • On-demand self-service
      • Broad network access
      • Resource pooling and multi-tenancy
      • Rapid elasticity
      • Measured service
    • Service Models:
      • Software as a Service (SaaS): Provides access to applications like email (Gmail), business software (Salesforce), online storage (Google Drive), and office suites (Microsoft Office)
      • Platform as a Service (PaaS): Provides a platform for developers to build and run applications, including services like Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure, and Amazon Web Services.
      • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides access to computing resources like servers, storage, and networking, including services like Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), VMWare, Oracle Cloud Computing, and IBM Smart Business Cloud Solutions.
    • Deployment Models:
      • Public cloud: Services are provided to the public based on agreements between a cloud provider and clients. This model is typically the least expensive.
      • Private cloud: An internal cloud model providing the highest degree of control over security, privacy, and performance. It is also the most expensive.
      • Hybrid cloud: Combines public and private clouds. This model requires interoperability and portability between cloud environments.
      • Community cloud: Created between a group with shared goals, such as professionals or geographical regions.

    Virtualization and Cloud Computing

    • Virtualization enables a single computer to host multiple virtual machines (VMs) that share hardware resources.
    • Virtualization software separates the physical hardware from the VMs.
    • VM images can be saved as files and restarted as needed.
    • Cloud computing separates applications from hardware.
    • Cloud providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS) own and manage cloud infrastructure.
    • Virtualization forms the foundation for cloud computing.

    Server Virtualization

    • Server virtualization leverages idle resources to reduce the number of servers required.
    • A hypervisor manages computer resources and VMs, providing access to physical machine components like CPUs, memory, disk controllers, and network interface cards (NICs).
    • Each VM runs a complete and separate operating system.

    Client-Side Virtualization

    • Client-side virtualization allows users to run VMs on their local computers for purposes like testing new operating systems or software, or running older software.
    • Host computer refers to the physical computer controlled by the user.
    • Host OS is the operating system of the host computer.
    • Guest OS is the operating system running within the VM.

    Hypervisors

    • Type 1 (native) hypervisors run directly on the host hardware and manage resource allocation to VMs.

    • Type 1 hypervisors are typically used in data centers and cloud computing.

    • VMware vSphere/ESXi, Xen, and Oracle VM Server are examples of Type 1 hypervisors.

    • Type 2 (hosted) hypervisors run on top of a host operating system (Windows 10, for example) to create and manage VMs.

    • Type 2 hypervisors are commonly used with client-side virtualization.

    • VMware Workstation and Oracle VirtualBox are examples of Type 2 hypervisors.

    Modern Computer Systems

    • Microprocessors, storage, peripherals, connections, and glue logic form the core of modern computer systems.
    • Microprocessors are controlled by firmware, which provides low-level services to operating systems and applications.
    • A typical general purpose computer includes components such as keyboard, screen, mouse, storage, camera, speaker, microphone, interface, printer, scanner, plotter, and touch screen.

    Integrated Circuits (ICs)

    • Integrated circuits place the entire circuit, including transistors and connections, on a single die, offering space and reliability advantages.
    • ICs are packaged into chips with contacts that connect to other components.
    • Contacts serve as address, data, control, and power lines.
    • In a typical chip, a single die connects to other components through many contacts (address, data, control, power).

    Modern System Integration Levels

    • IC integration levels have significantly increased over time, with transistor counts reaching billions.
    • Semiconductor advancements allow the creation of wafers with high transistor density, enabling further miniaturization.
    • The process or node, referring to transistor dimensions, plays a role in chip performance and density.

    Moore's Law

    • Moore's Law describes the exponential increase in the number of transistors on a chip over time.
    • While it is no longer accurately reflected in current transistor sizes, it continues to influence technology advancements.
    • The trend of smaller transistors is expected to continue, even if not exactly doubling every year or two.

    RISC vs. CISC

    • RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) architectures use simple instructions, resulting in faster execution speeds and lower power consumption.
    • CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) architectures use more complex instructions that can perform more actions in one step.

    State of the Art - Specifications

    • Modern computer systems use specialized cores for different tasks:
      • Compute Cores (CPUs): Designed for general purpose computing, with a focus on speed. Transistor counts range from a few million to several hundred million per core.
      • Graphic Cores (GPUs): Specialized cores for graphics processing, optimized for throughput. GPUs are typically found in high-performance computing environments.
      • Neural Processing Units (NPUs) and Tensor Processor Units (TPUs): Specialized cores for AI applications, designed for specific functions within neural network algorithms. They are also optimized for throughput.

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    Description

    Explore the core principles of cloud computing, including its five essential characteristics, three service models, and various deployment models. This quiz covers key concepts like on-demand self-service, SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS, along with their real-world applications. Test your knowledge and understanding of cloud technologies!

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