Cloud Computing Challenges and Benefits
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What is the primary advantage of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) for firms?

  • It automatically backs up all data without user intervention.
  • It eliminates the need for any form of hardware.
  • It allows firms to have complete control over software used. (correct)
  • It guarantees zero downtime.

What is cloudbursting primarily used for?

  • To store excessive data permanently in the cloud.
  • To provide additional capacity during periods of high demand. (correct)
  • To enhance data security and prevent breaches.
  • To maintain internal server performance by reducing workload.

What is a significant challenge firms face when considering cloud computing?

  • Instant scalability without any service agreements.
  • Potential high maintenance costs for old data. (correct)
  • Limited service options from cloud providers.
  • Guaranteed lower operational costs.

What are 'black swan' events in the context of cloud computing?

<p>Unforeseen incidents that can significantly impact businesses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact has the shift to cloud computing had on traditional server sales?

<p>Server sales have fallen as firms seek cost-effective cloud solutions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of software allows a firm to grow without needing to significantly rewrite their code?

<p>Scalability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event is associated with a routine coding error that led to a major security breach?

<p>Heartbleed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary revenue model for vendors involved in open source software (OSS)?

<p>Selling support and consulting services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the usage of widely adopted tools?

<p>They are immune to vulnerabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of open source software mentioned?

<p>SAP Business One (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'agility' refer to in the context of software development?

<p>Ability to adapt to changes quickly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization initiated the Core Infrastructure Initiative to support critical open source projects?

<p>Linux Foundation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the size of the open source software industry?

<p>$60B (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following software is primarily used for containerization?

<p>Docker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following projects is known for overseeing contributions to improve Linux?

<p>Red Hat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant downside that customers regularly complain about regarding Uber's pricing?

<p>Surge pricing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following challenges does Uber face in expanding its business?

<p>Regulatory concerns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology does Uber utilize to maintain a high safety standard?

<p>Real-time tracking through the Uber app (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of Uber's business model related to network effects?

<p>Riders prefer apps with more drivers available (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been accused of being a cultural trait within Uber?

<p>Dishonesty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of professionals does Uber employ to optimize its algorithms?

<p>Mathematicians with PhDs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alternative services has Uber started to explore beyond ride-sharing?

<p>Self-driving car tech and vertical takeoff vehicles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of API does Uber offer to integrate with other services?

<p>App programming interface (API) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action does Uber take to manage driver supply in response to demand?

<p>Implements surge pricing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major incident that exposed sensitive data of Uber riders and drivers?

<p>Data breach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is XKeyscore primarily used for?

<p>To collect comprehensive user data on the internet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hacker is known for improving system security without exploiting weaknesses?

<p>White hat hackers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common tactic used in social engineering?

<p>Impersonating authority figures to gain information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of black hat hackers?

<p>They operate with malicious intent and violate security policies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can multi-factor authentication improve security?

<p>By requiring multiple forms of identification before granting access (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is a key characteristic of worms, as opposed to viruses?

<p>They automatically replicate and spread without user intervention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main danger posed by 'bad apples' within an organization?

<p>They can steal sensitive information or install malware (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are users often led to compromise their passwords?

<p>Since they struggle to remember complex passwords (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which extortionists might demand payment using hacked data?

<p>Threatening to disclose personal information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one key finding demonstrated by white hat hackers regarding critical infrastructure?

<p>Cyber attacks can disrupt essential services such as the power grid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact did the Stuxnet attack reveal about the nature of cyber warfare?

<p>Critical infrastructure can be destroyed through cyber means (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events involved a significant loss of control over computer networks due to employee action?

<p>A refusal to share critical passwords in San Francisco city government (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was notably targeted by a cyber extortionist group mentioned in the content?

<p>Domino's (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant outcome of the industry's evolution post-Linux adoption?

<p>Increased compatibility among hardware manufacturers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the total cost of ownership (TCO) increasing for Linux installations?

<p>Limited availability of commercial support. (B), Complexity of installation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major legal risk associated with the adoption of open-source software (OSS)?

<p>Legal action due to patent infringement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Software as a Service (SaaS)?

<p>Requires purchase of physical hardware. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do SaaS firms typically generate revenue?

<p>Through a usage-based pricing model. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential risk of relying on SaaS solutions?

<p>Unforeseen training costs due to forced upgrades. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?

<p>Amazon Web Services for cloud computing resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of Platform as a Service (PaaS)?

<p>It delivers tools for developing software applications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of using cloud computing for businesses?

<p>Dependence on network connectivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of the evolution of cloud computing?

<p>Changes in cost structures for hardware and software firms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do firms benefit from using SaaS products?

<p>Reduced need for internal IT staff. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one concern with the user interface of web-based software solutions?

<p>It can lack sophistication compared to desktop software. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes it difficult for desktop Linux to attract third-party application developers?

<p>The low market share of desktop Linux users. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable challenge in the community support for open-source software?

<p>The support may be inconsistent and unreliable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Surge Pricing

A practice where ride-sharing companies like Uber increase prices during high demand periods to encourage more drivers to work and balance supply and demand.

Network Effects

A phenomenon where a product or service becomes more valuable as more people use it. In Uber's case, more riders attract more drivers, and more drivers attract more riders, creating a positive cycle.

God View

Uber's software system that provides a real-time map with the location of drivers, customers, and their rides. It helps optimize operations and pricing.

API (Application Programming Interface)

A set of rules and specifications that allow other developers to integrate Uber's services into their own apps, expanding Uber's reach and creating new possibilities.

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Marginal Costs

The cost associated with producing one extra unit of a product or service. For Uber, it's the cost of picking up and delivering one additional passenger.

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What are some challenges Uber faces?

Uber faces several challenges, including regulatory concerns, maintaining service quality, and competing in international markets with existing players.

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What are examples of Uber's expansion into logistics businesses?

Uber has experimented with bike messengers, restaurant delivery, and same-day delivery services, showing its intent to expand beyond ride-hailing.

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What is Uber's potential future?

Some analysts believe Uber may evolve into a broader logistics platform, leveraging its technology to handle various shipping and transportation needs.

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Why is Uber's reputation important?

Uber's reputation is crucial because it affects customer loyalty and the ability to attract and retain talented employees. Negative incidents and cultural controversies can impact its brand image and growth.

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How does Uber use data to its advantage?

Uber collects massive amounts of data on customer behavior, driver locations, and demand patterns. This data is used to optimize pricing, allocate drivers effectively, and expand services.

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IaaS

Cloud providers offer services like running remote hardware, storage, and networking. Clients have control over the software used.

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Cloudbursting

Using cloud computing to handle temporary spikes in demand. It acts as a scalable overflow solution.

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Black Swan Events

Unpredictable events with significant impact. Scalable computing resources help firms manage these events.

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Server Farm

A large network of servers working together to provide computing power. It's like a giant data center.

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Cloud Computing Challenges

Cloud computing has costs associated with maintenance, data storage, and potential service disruptions. It's crucial to conduct thorough financial analysis and cautious implementation.

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Scalability

The ability of a system to handle increasing workloads or to be easily expanded to manage workload increases. It allows businesses to grow without major code overhauls.

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Agility and Time to Market

The ability of vendors to skip parts of the software development process, allowing new products to reach the market faster.

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Open Source Software (OSS) Maintenance

Many OSS projects are well-maintained by dedicated teams of contributors, often overseen by well-funded professionals.

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Heartbleed Bug

A serious security flaw in the OpenSSL toolkit, which is used by a significant portion of websites.

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Core Infrastructure Initiative

A project launched by the Linux Foundation to fund OSS projects crucial for core computing functions.

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Open Source Business Model

OSS vendors often make money by selling support and consulting services for their products.

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Examples of OSS

A wide range of software tools and platforms are available as open source, including WordPress, Firefox, LibreOffice and many others.

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Containerization

A technology, like Docker, that allows software to run in isolated environments called containers, which is an evolution beyond traditional virtualization.

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Impact of OSS

Open source software has significantly lowered the cost of computing and made computing options accessible to smaller businesses. It also encourages innovation.

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Valuation of OSS Firms

Several OSS companies have achieved significant valuations, including Red Hat, Hortonworks, Cloudera, and MongoDB.

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Cyber-extortion

A type of cybercrime where attackers threaten to release sensitive data or disrupt operations unless a ransom is paid.

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Stuxnet

A sophisticated malware designed to sabotage industrial control systems, marking a new era of cyberwarfare.

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Disrupting critical infrastructure

Attacks that target essential systems like power grids, oil refineries, or communication networks, causing widespread disruption.

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Tech disruptions by terrorists

The use of technology by terrorist groups to inflict damage or sow chaos.

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Revenge by employees

Situations where disgruntled employees deliberately sabotage or disrupt an organization's systems, often as a form of retaliation.

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Industry's Evolution (Standards Comp)

The shift from proprietary Unix systems to a unified Linux market, attracting more software developers due to compatibility.

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Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

All costs associated with a software system, including design, development, testing, implementation, documentation, training, and maintenance.

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Legal Risks of OSS

Firms using open-source software can face legal risks like patent infringement or unauthorized code usage due to complex licensing agreements.

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SaaS (Software as a Service)

A cloud computing model where software is accessed over the internet, paid for by a subscription.

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Utility Computing

Developing and running software on a service provider's computers over the internet, paying only for usage.

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Platform as a Service (PaaS)

A utility computing service providing tools like programming languages, databases, and operating system for software development and deployment.

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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

A barebones utility computing service offering access to physical hardware resources like servers and storage.

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Benefits of SaaS

Lower costs, faster deployment, variable operating expenses, mitigated financial risk, scalable systems, higher quality and service, remote access, and tighter feedback loops.

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Risks of SaaS

Dependence on a single vendor, long-term viability concerns, possible migration costs, reliance on network connections, security vulnerabilities, limited customization, and potential cost issues.

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PaaS & IaaS Use Case

Companies developing their own software choose cloud providers to host and manage it, paying only for usage.

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Cloud Computing's Evolution

Significant impact on the future of hardware and software companies, cost structures, innovation, and employee skills.

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Salesforce.com's Force.com

A platform as a service offering tools to develop web-based applications specifically designed for cloud delivery.

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Google's App Engine

A platform as a service offering various tools, including the Bigtable database, for cloud-based app development.

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Microsoft's Windows Azure

Microsoft's cloud platform offering services for developing and deploying applications on its infrastructure.

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PaaS in a Nutshell

Cloud providers offer services that allow customers to build their own applications on the provider's infrastructure.

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What are white hat hackers?

Ethical hackers who discover vulnerabilities in systems without exploiting them to improve security. They share their findings to make systems more secure.

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What is social engineering?

A type of attack that manipulates people into revealing confidential information or performing actions that compromise security.

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What makes a password strong?

A strong password is unique, lengthy, and uses a combination of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols.

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What is malware?

Harmful software designed to infiltrate a computer system without permission and cause damage or steal data.

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What is a computer virus?

A type of malware that spreads by attaching itself to other software or files, infecting them.

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What is a worm?

A type of malware that exploits security vulnerabilities to spread automatically without needing an executable file.

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What are the types of hackers?

Hackers can be categorized as white hat (ethical), black hat (malicious), or grey hat (both ethical and malicious).

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What are user and admin threats?

Threats to security can come from both users and administrators. Users may accidentally compromise security, while admin threats involve deliberate actions to harm the system.

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Study Notes

Chapter 11: The Sharing Economy

  • Tech allows diverse product and service providers to connect with consumers, offering greater reach and efficiency.
  • Efforts are enabling a generation of "citizen suppliers," where product owners become rental providers.
    • Examples include: Airbnb (rooms), Turo (cars), and Boatsetters (boats).
  • A new class of micro-entrepreneurs provides personal services:
    • Car rides (Uber)
    • Pet Sitting (Rover)
    • Meal prep (Feastly)
    • Home Services (Care.com)
  • Some firms buy inventory and rent it out:
    • Rent the Runway
    • Zipcar
    • Chegg
  • Products are "collaboratively consumed." Consumers take possession of an item for a period, then return it for others' use.
  • Consumers collaborate as financiers for projects:
    • Kickstarter
    • GoFundMe
    • LendingClub
  • Internet-enabled market makers rooted in eBay and Craigslist.
  • Goods include pre-owned items (eBay, Craigslist, ThredUP), loaner products (Zilok, Rent the Runway, Chegg), and custom products (Etsy).
  • Services include professional services (Upwork, crowdSPRING), personal services (Angie's List, Handy, TaskRabbit), delivery (Doordash, Grubhub), transportation (Uber, Lyft, Didi), and loaner vehicles (Turo, Zipcar).
  • Places to Stay (Airbnb, HomeAway, Couchsurfing).
  • Office space (LiquidSpace, ShareDesk).

Chapter 15: Open Source, Cloud, Virtualized, and App-Driven Shifts

  • Marginal Costs: Associated with each additional unit produced. For software products, this is often zero (MC=0).
  • Open-Source Software (OSS): Free software where anyone can view and modify the code. Giant companies recognized the threat posed by OSS, acknowledging the challenge of competing with free software.
  • Cloud Computing: Replacing traditional computing with services delivered over the internet on other's hardware. This is known as Software as a Service (SaaS).
  • Virtualization: Enables one computer to behave like many, consolidating resources and reducing costs.
  • Open Source: Linux is the dominant open source software operating system (OS).
    • The source code for OSS is shared openly.
    • Often used in many aspects of technology, from smartphones to stock exchanges.
  • LAMP: An acronym representing Linux, Apache, MySQL, and a programming language like PHP or Python.

Chapter 19: Information Security

  • Info is the oil of the 21st century: Data breaches have large financial consequences.
  • Target Hack (2013): Attackers used malware to steal credit card information from the Target retail chain.
  • Equifax Breach (2017): A critical vulnerability in an open-source component of Equifax’s system was exploited, exposing the personal data of 143 million customers.
  • Cyber security risks and costs increase: The cost of cybercrime annually is around $600 billion.
  • Malware: Software that compromises a computer system without permission.
  • Viruses: Software that infects other software or files.

Additional Points (from multiple chapters)

  • SaaS (Software as a Service): Firms deliver software over the internet, allowing users to access and utilize the software without needing to install or manage it on their own computers. It lowers costs, accelerates deployment times, and offers scalable solutions, though it creates dependencies.
  • Data breaches: Large data breaches, impacting millions of individuals and causing significant financial and reputational damage to firms, are a significant concern.
  • Cybersecurity: A crucial area needing attention. Organizations, vendors, and individuals must be aware of and mitigate threats to safeguard their data and systems.

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Description

This quiz explores the primary advantages and challenges of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and cloud computing. It also delves into concepts like cloudbursting and the effects of cloud computing on traditional server sales. Test your understanding of the modern cloud landscape and its implications for businesses.

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