Cloud Computing Basics

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the 'on-demand' characteristic of cloud computing?

  • Allows users to access resources automatically without human interaction from the service provider. (correct)
  • Resources are allocated based on a fixed schedule.
  • The need for the organization to forecast resource needs
  • Requires pre-negotiated contracts for resource allocation.

Why is the 'cloud' symbol used as a metaphor for the Internet?

  • Because clouds represent distributed computing.
  • Because clouds are easily scalable.
  • It was the original visual representation of the Internet. (correct)
  • Clouds obscure the underlying complexities of the network.

How does cloud computing address the traditional datacenter issue of resources being idle most of the time?

  • By requiring organizations to design for average load instead of peak load.
  • Cloud computing does not prevent idle resources as the client is charged even when resources are not in use.
  • By automatically decommissioning resources when they are not in use.
  • By using virtualization to increase utilization through resource pooling. (correct)

In the context of cloud computing layers, which of the following would be considered the 'Platform' layer?

<p>The operating systems and databases needed to run applications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical advantage of cloud computing?

<p>Increased control over physical infrastructure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential characteristic of cloud computing allows resources to be scaled up or down quickly based on demand?

<p>Rapid elasticity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following essential characteristics of cloud computing ensures transparency for both the provider and consumer?

<p>Measured service (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cloud computing, what does 'resource pooling' primarily enable?

<p>Serving multiple consumers from the same infrastructure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cloud service model provides the most comprehensive environment for developers to build and deploy applications?

<p>Platform as a Service (PaaS). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common example of a Software as a Service (SaaS) application?

<p>Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) differ from Platform as a Service (PaaS)?

<p>IaaS offers more control over the underlying infrastructure than PaaS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an organization wants to combine a public cloud for handling spikes in load with a private cloud for storing sensitive data, which deployment model should they use?

<p>Hybrid cloud. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a community cloud from other cloud deployment models?

<p>It is shared by several organizations with similar interests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foundational element of cloud computing allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical server?

<p>Virtualization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a hypervisor in platform virtualization?

<p>To manage and allocate resources to virtual machines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does platform virtualization contribute to cost reduction in cloud computing?

<p>By reducing hardware, power, and cooling costs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) in cloud computing?

<p>To design systems from loosely coupled services. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key security concern specific to cloud computing environments?

<p>Attraction to hackers due to centralized data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does data dispersal in international cloud environments pose a security challenge?

<p>It increases exposure to foreign government subpoenas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'loss of physical control' a privacy concern in cloud computing?

<p>Organizations must trust the cloud provider's security measures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Amazon S3?

<p>To offer a simple web service interface for data storage and retrieval. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Amazon S3, how is data organized?

<p>In buckets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cloud service model is Google App Engine (GAE)?

<p>Platform as a Service (PaaS). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using Google App Engine for web application development?

<p>Independence from the specific OS and hardware platforms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What programming languages are primarily supported by Google App Engine?

<p>Python and Java. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are resources typically billed in Google App Engine?

<p>Based on CPU time, bandwidth, and Data Stored. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a traditional datacenter issue that cloud computing aims to solve?

<p>Inefficient resource utilization due to peak load design. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'virtualization' in the context of cloud computing?

<p>It enables physical servers to be divided into multiple virtual machines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'elastic IP' within the context of Amazon Web Services?

<p>A static IP address designed for dynamic cloud computing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cloud computing model emphasizes delivering a ready-to-use application to the user?

<p>Software as a Service (SaaS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for accessing Amazon S3?

<p>Command line or GUI. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the concept of 'multi-tenancy' in cloud computing?

<p>One physical resource is shared amongst many users, providing logical isolation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is high-speed internet access a key requirement for cloud computing?

<p>To ensure quick access to resources and data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'API' refer to in the context of cloud platforms like PaaS?

<p>An Application Programming Interface for developers to access services. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cloud Computing

A model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort.

Traditional Datacenter Issue

Designing a system to handle a peak load, which can lead to resources being idle most of the time.

Cloud Computing

Offer services over the internet (Application, Platform, and Infrastructure).

Cloud Computing Advantages

Reduction of hardware/software maintenance and ability to use Applications as components

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Rapid Elasticity

Capabilities can be rapidly provisioned, scaled out, and released with minimal management effort.

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On-demand Self-Service

A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities without requiring human interaction with the service provider.

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Measured Service

Cloud systems control and optimize resource use, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer.

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Broad Network Access

Capabilities are available over the network through standard mechanisms, supporting various client platforms.

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Resource Pooling

Computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model.

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Software as a Service (SaaS)

A model where the client uses the provider's applications over the network.

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Platform as a Service (PaaS)

A model that delivers a platform for developers, limited by API capabilities.

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Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

A model that uses computer hardware, offering control over OS, applications, and firewalls but not the underlying infrastructure.

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Public Cloud

Cloud infrastructure provisioned for open use by the general public.

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Private Cloud

Cloud infrastructure provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization.

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Hybrid Cloud

Cloud infrastructure combines public and private models, used to handle spikes via orchestration.

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Community Cloud

Cloud infrastructure provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of consumers.

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Platform Virtualization

Abstraction layer for running virtual guest OSs.

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Service Oriented Architectures

Design principles for system development, using web services for complex applications.

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Amazon S3

Interface to store and retrieve data, scalable, reliable, and inexpensive.

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Google App Engine

A platform for developing and hosting web applications.

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Cloud Computing Issues

This area encompasses several problems, including privacy, performance and regulatory compliance.

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Study Notes

Cloud Computing Definition

  • Cloud computing enables on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources.
  • Resources include networks, servers, storage, applications, and services.
  • Resources are rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort.
  • This model promotes availability.
  • Cloud Computing is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models, according to NIST.
  • Cloud symbol was originally used as a metaphor for the Internet.

Traditional Data Center Issues

  • Traditional data centers are designed for peak loads.
  • News-related content and e-commerce sites experience major peaks on certain days.
  • Resources are often idle.
  • Datacenters require maintenance, upgrades, rent, and electricity.

Cloud Computing Comparison

  • Cloud computing is often compared to utility services.
  • Cloud Computing Uses Virtualization.
  • Cloud transitions from Mainframe to PC to Cloud.

Cloud Computing Advantages

  • Cloud computing lowers costs due to reduced hardware and software maintenance.
  • Applications are provided as components.
  • There's no upfront investment in software or hardware infrastructure.
  • Eliminates the need to build a proprietary infrastructure for peak loads.
  • Flexible scalability, higher utilization, and improved reliability are achieved through cloud computing.

Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing

  • Rapid elasticity: Capabilities are provisioned rapidly and elastically, scaling out or in automatically.
  • Appears unlimited to the consumer and can be purchased in any quantity.
  • On-demand self-service: Consumers can unilaterally provision computing capabilities without human interaction.
  • Measured service: Resource use is automatically controlled and optimized with metering capabilities.
  • Transparency is provided to both the provider and the consumer.
  • Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network via standard mechanisms.
  • Heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs) can be used.
  • Resource pooling: Computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers.
  • Utilizes a multi-tenant model with dynamically assigned and reassigned resources according to demand.
  • Location independence: Customers generally lack control or knowledge over the exact location of resources.

Service Models

  • Software as a Service (SaaS)
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS)
  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Service Models Analogy

  • People and goods = Software applications
  • Vehicles = Platform
  • Road network = Infrastructure

SaaS (Software as a Service)

  • Clients use the provider's applications over the network through a browser or client.
  • Clients have limited control over application settings.
  • Examples include Gmail, Google Apps, Salesforce.com (Pay-as-you-go CRM solutions), YouTube, and Facebook.

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

  • Delivers a platform rather than a service.
  • Uses APIs for developers.
  • Services are limited by API capabilities.
  • Examples include Google App Engine and Mosso (Rackspace), which offers server platforms on demand.

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

  • Provides computer hardware, typically set up as a grid for massive horizontal scalability.
  • Provides a physical footprint, including hardware.
  • Clients have control over the operating system, applications, and firewalls.
  • Clients lack control over the underlying cloud infrastructure.

Deployment Models

  • Public Cloud/3rd Party:
    • Run by third parties, larger than a company's private cloud. Portions can be reserved for a client.
  • Private Cloud/Internal Cloud:
    • Built for exclusive use of the client, with company ownership and control of the infrastructure.
  • Hybrid Cloud:
    • Combines public and private models. Public clouds handle spikes in load via an orchestration layer.
  • Community Cloud:
    • Multi-site private or hybrid setup, such as multiple hospitals in a region sharing resources.

Foundational Elements of Cloud Computing

  • Virtualization
  • Grid technology
  • Service Oriented Architectures
  • Distributed Computing
  • Broadband Networks
  • Browser as a platform

Platform Virtualization

  • Host operating system offers an abstraction layer for running virtual guest OSs.
  • "Hypervisor" / "Virtual Machine Monitor"
    • Resides between hardware and OS.
    • Provides abstraction between hardware and OSs.
    • Guest OSs run in isolation on shared hardware.
    • Runs multiple types of OSs.
    • Each Virtual Machine (VM) resides independently.
    • VMs share resources simultaneously.
  • Types:
    • Bare metal between hardware and OSs.
    • Hosted within a conventional OS as a second layer, with guest OSs as the third layer.
  • Increases utilization of physical servers.
  • Reduces costs related to hardware, power, cooling, and administration.
  • Helps reduce space.
  • Virtual servers are hardware independent.
  • Simplifies management, backup, and recovery with easy roll-back and easier Disaster Recovery.
  • Supports multiple OS.
  • Increases security of physical host server.

Service Oriented Architectures

  • Design principles for system development and integration.
  • Model for using web services:
    • Service requestors
    • Service registry
    • Service providers
  • Uses web services to compose complex, customizable, distributed applications.

Cloud Computing Issues

  • Requires high-speed internet access.
  • Security.
  • Privacy.
  • Performance.
  • Regulatory compliance.

Security Challenges

  • Attraction to hackers.
  • Possibility for massive outages.
  • Public cloud vs. internal cloud security.
  • Lack of public SaaS version control.
  • Data dispersal and international privacy laws with exposure of data to foreign governments or subpoenas.
  • Data retention issues.
  • Logging and data ownership challenges.
  • Quality of service guarantees.

Privacy Concerns

  • Trusting a provider.
  • Trusting vendor's security model.
  • Indirect administrator accountability.
  • Proprietary implementations are hard to examine.
  • Loss of physical control.

Amazon Services

  • Amazon EC2
  • Amazon S3
  • Amazon SimpleDB
  • Amazon SQS
  • Amazon CloudFront
  • Elastic IP

Amazon S3

  • Offers a simple web services interface to store and retrieve data at any time, from anywhere on the web.
  • Provides developers with access to scalable, reliable, inexpensive data storage.
  • Users can specify the region where data is stored in buckets using command line or GUI.

Google App Engine

  • PaaS.
  • Platform for developing and hosting Web applications, regardless of OS or HW platform.
  • Features a local development environment that simulates Google App Engine.
  • Dev tools include Python and Java.
  • Domain name is limited to "yourapp".appspot.com.
  • Administration console provides statistics, message logs, and sign-in using a Google account.
  • Billable resources include CPU time in CPU hours, outgoing bandwidth, incoming bandwidth, data stored, and emails sent.
  • Allowance of 5 million requests per month is provided.

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