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What is the main objective of IoT?
To extend internet connectivity beyond traditional devices like computers and smartphones, encompassing various devices used in homes and businesses.
What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
A massive network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, electronics, and network which allows the devices to exchange or collect data and perform certain actions.
What are the characteristics of IoT?
Connectivity, Sensing, Automation, Intelligence, and Interoperability.
What is the expected number of connected IoT devices by 2025?
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IoT is only used in industries and not in daily life.
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What do IoT devices use sensors for?
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What is the purpose of IoT devices processing data?
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Which communication protocols can be used for IoT devices?
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Which categories illustrate the applications of IoT across various industries?
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What is the purpose of edge computing in IoT?
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Define 'Sensitivity' in relation to sensors.
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_______ sensors detect the temperature of the air or a physical object and convert that temperature level into an electrical signal.
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Motion sensors can only be used in security systems.
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What is Raspberry Pi?
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What is the range of CPU speed for Raspberry Pi?
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What is the purpose of IoT architecture?
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What is the main function of sensors in IoT systems?
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What is the purpose of the connectivity layer in IoT architecture?
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What is the primary function of the processing layer in IoT architecture?
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What is the main function of the application layer in IoT architecture?
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What are proximity sensors used for?
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What are some parameters sensed and monitored in water quality?
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Infrared sensors detect ultraviolet radiation.
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Actuators convert an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity like movement or __________.
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Match the actuator with its description:
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What is the function of the business layer in implementing data-driven solutions?
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What security measures are typically integrated into IoT devices for device security?
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Which messaging protocols might use standard Transport Layer Security (TSL) for end-to-end data protection in IoT?
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The architecture of an IoT system typically consists of the Perception Layer (sensors), Network Layer (connectivity), and ________ Layer (data processing and user interface).
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Data at rest stored in the cloud for IoT solutions should not be encrypted.
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What does IoT stand for?
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In IoT, devices communicate using various protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or cellular networks.
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The Internet of Things aims to drive efficiency, improve decision-making, and create more interconnected and intelligent systems for a wide range of __________.
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Match the IoT board with its purpose: Arduino vs. Raspberry Pi
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Explain the key components of M2M communication.
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What are some benefits of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication?
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What is predictive maintenance and how does M2M facilitate it?
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M2M technologies contribute to environmental sustainability by minimizing energy consumption.
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_______ telemetry was one of the first applications of M2M communication.
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Match the following M2M applications with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Block Introduction
- The block is titled "IoT Fundamentals and Connectivity Technologies" and aims to make students understand the underlying concepts of IoT and M2M.
- The block is divided into two units: Unit 8 covers IoT fundamentals, and Unit 9 covers IoT networking and connectivity technologies.
Unit 8: Internet of Things
- IoT refers to the network of physical objects ("things") that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet.
- IoT devices range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools.
- The characteristics of IoT include:
- Connectivity: IoT devices are interconnected through the internet.
- Sensing and monitoring: IoT devices collect data from their environment.
- Data processing: IoT devices can process data locally or transmit it to centralized systems.
- Automation and control: IoT allows for remote control and automation of devices.
- Scalability: IoT systems can accommodate a large number of devices and users.
- Interoperability: Devices from different manufacturers can communicate and work together.
- Security and privacy: IoT devices ensure the security of data transmitted and stored.
- Energy efficiency: IoT devices are designed to operate on low power.
- Dynamic and self-adapting: IoT devices can adapt to changing contexts.
- Self-configuring: IoT devices can work together to provide certain functionality.
- Unique identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (IP address).
- Integrated into information network: IoT devices communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems.
IoT Categories
- IoT categories include:
- Consumer IoT (CIoT): refers to the use of IoT for consumer applications and devices, such as smartphones, wearables, and smart home appliances.
- Commercial IoT: delivers the benefits of IoT to larger venues, such as commercial office buildings, supermarkets, and hotels.
- Industrial IoT (IIoT): focuses on augmenting existing industrial systems, making them more productive and efficient.
- Infrastructure IoT: concerned with the development of smart infrastructures that incorporate IoT technologies to boost efficiency, cost savings, and maintenance.
- Internet of Military Things (IoMT): the use of IoT in military settings and battlefield situations to increase situational awareness, bolster risk assessment, and improve response times.
- Retail IoT (RIoT): used for inventory management, smart shelves, personalized shopping experiences, and customer behavior analytics.
IoT Technologies
- IoT technologies include:
- Sensor technology: enables the connection of sensors to the cloud and other devices.
- Cloud computing: allows for the analysis and processing of IoT data.
- Machine learning and analytics: enables the gleaning of valuable insights from IoT data.
- Conversational artificial intelligence (AI): enables natural-language processing (NLP) in IoT devices.### Environmental IoT
- Environmental IoT involves the use of IoT devices to monitor and manage environmental factors such as:
- Air quality
- Water quality
- Climate conditions
- Sensors collect data to enable better environmental management and sustainability efforts
IoT Enablers and Connectivity Layers
- Installers, repair experts, artisans, electrical technicians, plumbers, and architects are involved in linking devices and systems to the internet
- The Internet of Things (IoT) empowers devices to make informed decisions that drive favorable business outcomes
- Sensors play a pivotal role in furnishing actionable insights that fuel the IoT, enabling organizations to execute more astute business decisions
- Real-time measurements facilitated by sensors serve as the catalyst for the transformative potential of the IoT in an organization's adaptability to change
Baseline Technologies of IoT
- The foundation of IoT is built upon several key technologies, including:
- Sensors and Actuators
- Connectivity (e.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, RFID, NFC, cellular networks)
- Cloud Computing
- Edge Computing
- Security Technologies
- Machine Learning and AI
- IoT Analytics
- IoT Device (Thing) Management
- Low-Power, Short-Range IoT Networks
- IoT Processors
- IoT Operating Systems
- Event Stream Processing
- IoT Standards and Ecosystems
Sensors
- Sensors are used for sensing and detecting physical parameters, such as:
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Motion
- Level
- Image
- Proximity
- Water quality
- Chemical presence
- Gas
- Smoke
- Infrared radiation
- Characteristics of sensors include:
- Static accuracy
- Sensitivity
- Resolution
- Linearity
- Zero drift
- Full-scale drift
- Range
- Repeatability
- Reproducibility
- Dynamic characteristics of sensors represent the time response of the sensor system, including:
- Rise time
- Delay time
- Peak time
- Settling time
- Percentage error
- Steady-state error
Classification of Sensors
- Sensors can be classified into different types, including:
- Temperature sensors
- Pressure sensors
- Motion sensors
- Level sensors
- Image sensors
- Proximity sensors
- Water quality sensors
- Chemical sensors
- Gas sensors
- Smoke sensors
- Infrared (IR) sensors
Actuators
- Actuators are machine components or systems that move or control a mechanism or system
- Sensors in the device sense the environment, then control signals are generated for the actuators according to the actions needed to perform
- Actuators convert an electrical signal into a corresponding physical quantity, such as:
- Movement
- Force
- Sound
- Types of actuators include:
- Electric Actuators
- Linear Actuators
- Other types of actuators### Actuators
- Actuators convert electrical energy into motion, and are used in various applications such as:
- Opening and closing doors
- Adjusting solar panels
- Controlling valves
- Robotics
- Conveyor systems
- Control mechanisms for valves or dampers
- Types of actuators:
- Electric actuators: convert electrical energy into rotational motion
- Hydraulic actuators: utilize pressurized hydraulic fluid to generate linear motion
- Pneumatic actuators: use compressed air to create linear motion
- Piezoelectric actuators: use piezoelectric materials that change shape when an electric field is applied
- Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) actuators: change shape or size in response to electrical stimulation
Applications of Actuators
- Actuators have a wide range of applications in:
- Manufacturing and robotics
- Aerospace
- Automotive
- Healthcare
- Examples of devices that use actuators:
- Control valves
- Ball valves
- Solenoid valves
- Hydraulic presses
- CNC machines
- Robot arms
- Conveyor belts
- Throttle valves
- Fuel injectors
Arduino Board
- An Arduino board is a microcontroller-based kit that is used in:
- Communications
- Controlling or operating devices
- Components of an Arduino board:
- Program memory and data memory
- Digital input/output pins
- Analog inputs
- 16 MHz crystal oscillator
- USB connection
- Power jack
- ICSP header
- Reset button
Raspberry Pi
- A Raspberry Pi is a small, low-cost computer that:
- Runs Linux
- Provides GPIO pins for physical computing and IoT
- Is designed for educational use
- Has a small size, similar to a credit card
- Features of a Raspberry Pi:
- Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an ARM-compatible CPU and GPU
- On-board memory (256 MB to 1 GB RAM)
- SD card storage for operating system and program memory
- USB ports
- HDMI and composite video output
- Audio output
- GPIO pins for I²C, UART, and SPI protocols
IoT Architecture
- The IoT architecture has seven layers:
- Perception layer: hosting smart things
- Connectivity layer: transferring data from the physical layer to the cloud and vice versa
- Processing layer: employing IoT platforms to accumulate and manage data streams
- Application layer: delivering solutions like analytics, reporting, and device control to end users
- Edge or fog computing layer: reducing system latency by processing data closer to its sources
- Business layer: implementing data-driven solutions
- IoT devices communicate through various protocols and technologies, including:
- Ethernet
- WiFi
- NFC
- Bluetooth
- LPWAN
- ZigBee
- Cellular networks (LTE-M, NB-IoT)
IoT Layers
- Perception layer:
- Converting analog signals into digital data and vice versa
- Sensors, actuators, machines, and devices connected to sensors and actuators
- Connectivity layer:
- Enabling data transmission through various protocols and technologies
- Direct communication using TCP or UDP/IP stack
- Gateways for translation, encryption, and decryption
- Processing layer:
- Accumulating, storing, and processing data through IoT platforms
- Data accumulation and abstraction stages
- Data virtualization and reconciliation
- Application layer:
- Analyzing data to generate insights and answers to business questions
- Device monitoring and control software
- Mobile apps for simple interactions
- Business intelligence services
- Analytic solutions using machine learning
- Edge or fog computing layer:
- Reducing system latency by processing data closer to its sources
- Real-time responses and enhanced performance
- Business layer:
- Implementing data-driven solutions to achieve business goals
- Collaboration between stakeholders and introduction of new processes
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of Internet of Things (IoT) and connectivity technologies, including IoT networking and connectivity.
