Cloud Architecture Quiz
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What is a key limitation of using a single instance in cloud architecture?

  • It allows for independent scaling of components.
  • It cannot handle large traffic loads.
  • It lacks failover capabilities. (correct)
  • It offers infinite redundancy.

    • Which of the following describes the problem of having no redundancy in a VPC?

  • Increased data transfer costs.
  • Ability to scale up easily.
  • Potential loss of access to services. (correct)
  • Improved billing management.

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of self-managed database options?

  • They guarantee zero downtime.
  • They require user maintenance. (correct)
  • They provide automatic scaling.
  • They are fully managed by AWS.

    • Why might cloud users face constraints on technology choices for individual components?

    <p>Due to a single instance approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fully managed database service offered by AWS?

    <p>Amazon RDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of not having failover in a cloud infrastructure?

    <p>Higher risk of service disruptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of having 'too many eggs in one basket' in a cloud context?

    <p>Relying on a single cloud instance for critical operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of a service-oriented architecture?

    <p>Independent scaling of services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice when implementing service-oriented architecture?

    <p>Treat each service as a separate component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is commonly associated with defining stable interface contracts in a service-oriented architecture?

    <p>Swagger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is breaking a monolith into component services advantageous?

    <p>It allows for different technologies for each service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized when moving services into their own tiers in service-oriented architecture?

    <p>Isolation of services for better management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instance type is primarily designed for machine learning training?

    <p>Trainium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the c5.9xlarge instance?

    <p>Optimized for high performance computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of horizontal scaling in a cloud environment?

    <p>Allows for distribution of load across multiple instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods helps balance network traffic efficiently?

    <p>Application Load Balancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instance type is best suited for ARM workloads?

    <p>Graviton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of increasing instance size in cloud computing?

    <p>Higher costs due to larger resource allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the use of load balancers?

    <p>They distribute incoming traffic across several instances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'resiliency' refer to in the context of cloud instances?

    <p>The ability of instances to recover from failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you hit a limit while scaling cloud resources?

    <p>Scaling operations may become costly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change allows a revisit of the web tier discussion?

    <p>Lighter web tier structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which day is likely to have the highest traffic based on typical weekly patterns?

    <p>Sunday</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of Auto Scaling?

    <p>Manipulating frontend design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of provisioned capacity was shown in November statistics?

    <p>76%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metric drives the scaling action in Auto Scaling?

    <p>Amazon CloudWatch metrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Auto Scaling improve reliability?

    <p>By replacing unhealthy EC2 instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one capability that Auto Scaling offers for handling resources?

    <p>Support for both On-Demand and Spot Instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of provisioned capacity mentioned for November traffic?

    <p>It fluctuates based on user demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of cross-AZ automatic resizing in Auto Scaling?

    <p>Higher data redundancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to clusters during low traffic periods according to Auto Scaling principles?

    <p>Clusters automatically downsize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary advantages of using a CDN like Amazon CloudFront for dynamic content?

    <p>Reduced server load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily improved in terms of performance when utilizing a CDN for static content?

    <p>Response time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of not using a CDN?

    <p>Increased server load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When comparing CDNs for static and dynamic content, which aspect remains more consistent across both types?

    <p>Response time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a CDN like Amazon CloudFront generally affect response time for dynamic content?

    <p>It reduces response time significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Amazon CloudFront, what role does server load play?

    <p>It determines the CDN's response time effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a CDN designed for static content from one designed for dynamic content?

    <p>The type of caching used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component receives an additional benefit from using a CDN when serving static content?

    <p>Server performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about CDNs and their role in data delivery?

    <p>They do not impact dynamic content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is typically not enhanced by employing a CDN for content delivery?

    <p>Cost of server infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scaling on AWS

    • The presentation focuses on scaling applications on Amazon Web Services (AWS) to handle increasing user numbers, up to 10 million users.
    • A search for "scaling on AWS" returns many results, but the presenter is looking to avoid generic answers.
    • Key scaling considerations include managing users, maintaining performance, incident response, business continuity, security, compliance, development, testing & change management, cost tracking, optimization, and environmental impact.
    • AWS's global infrastructure involves 34 regions, 108 Availability Zones (AZs), and over 600 points of presence (PoPs).
    • Regions define data location and legal protections (e.g., GDPR).
    • AZs are clusters of data centers within a region, offering resilience against technical failures.
    • PoPs are used to host content delivery services like Amazon CloudFront.

    AWS Global Infrastructure

    • AWS operates 34 regions, offering geographically diverse locations for services and data.
    • 108 Availability Zones (AZs) - these are clusters of datacenters within a region.
    • Over 600 points of presence (PoPs) - These are strategically placed locations for content delivery.
    • PoPs are integral to content delivery services like Amazon CloudFront

    AWS Local Zones

    • An extension of AWS regions, located in populated areas.

    AWS Wavelength

    • Provides low-latency access to AWS services in stadiums/venues.
    • AWS Wavelength uses 5G technology and can be used for video, deep analytics, and other data-intensive applications.

    AWS Outposts

    • Extend AWS services infrastructure to on-premises data centers.
    • Allows for ultra-low latency applications, local processing, and local storage.

    Database options

    • The presentation describes both self-managed and fully managed database options within AWS.
    • Self-managed: Amazon EC2 (for database workloads)
    • Fully-managed: Amazon RDS (for relational), Amazon DynamoDB (for NoSQL), Amazon Aurora (a fast, relational database), Amazon Neptune (for graph databases), and Amazon Timestream (for time series data)

    Amazon RDS

    • AWS managed relational database (relational database management system, i.e. a SQL database)
    • Features include daily maintenance, security patch management, software update management, availability of various database engines like MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle and SQL server, and Amazon Aurora support.

    Amazon Aurora

    • MySQL or PostgreSQL-compatible relational database
    • Storage scaling up to 64 TB
    • 15 read replicas, allowing for significant scaling of read-only traffic
    • Continuous backups are a standard feature

    Aurora Serverless v2

    • On-demand, self-scaling database for applications with varying workloads
    • Starts and stops automatically as needed, reducing idle costs
    • Optimized for pay-per-second pricing, based on compute and memory consumed
    • Database capacity scales automatically

    NoSQL

    • Presents both relational and non-relational database options and evaluates the pros/cons of using a NoSQL database

    Cases where you might need NoSQL

    • Latency-sensitive applications
    • Data volumes exceeding terabytes
    • Rapid ingestion requirements (millisecond data ingestion)
    • Graph databases

    Users: >1

    • The presentation details database and application structure considerations as user numbers scale by moving to a multi-user application.

    Amazon Cognito

    • A managed user directory service for handling user authentication and authorization
    • Supports various features, including hosted user interfaces, federated identities (linking with external providers like social media), and standard tokens

    Users: 1 < Users < 1000

    • A single instance (often not suitable for larger audiences/users)
    • Databases (e.g., Amazon RDS instance)

    Scaling Approaches

    • Vertical scaling - increasing the resources of a single instance
    • Horizontal scaling - adding more instances to distribute the load

    Horizontal Scaling

    • Adding instances to distribute the workload
    • Utilizing a load balancer (an Application Load Balancer or Network Load Balancer) to distribute the traffic to instances

    Application Load Balancer

    • Highly available load balancer for application traffic
    • Health checks, session stickiness, and monitoring are standard features
    • Allows routing based on content
    • Suitable for container-based applications and HTTP/2

    Users > 10,000

    • The presentation suggests strategies to handle high traffic volumes or users past 10,000
    • The load balancer, AWS Lambda, and other AWS services are important in distributing the user load so that a single system does not overload

    Amazon S3

    • Object-based storage
    • High durability and scalability
    • Support for exceptionally large objects (up to 5 TB)
    • Encryption during storage and transfer (both at rest and in transit)

    Amazon CloudFront

    • Content delivery network (CDN) optimized for use with AWS
    • Content caching to reduce load on origin servers
    • Provides custom SSL certificates and short TTLs (time-to-live policies) for objects in this service

    How a CDN Deliver Content

    • Content is cached at various edge locations
    • Requests to the edge locations are usually faster than going back to the source
    • CDN delivers content in a much faster way

    Caching

    • Caches static content (like images, videos, CSS, JavaScript, and others)
    • Improves web application performance (reduces server loads and delays)
    • Caching static content is important to optimize large-scale applications

    Amazon ElastiCache

    • Managed caching system for Memcached or Redis
    • Scalable, self-healing, and supports deployment across multiple availability zones

    How Cache Works

    • Cache Aside - cache data can go stale
    • Cache hit - data is retrieved from the cache
    • Cache miss - data is retrieved from the database

    Amazon DynamoDB

    • Managed NoSQL database with provisioned and on-demand pricing models
    • Fast and reliable data access in this database
    • Features such as streams and triggers are useful for a variety of use cases in this database.
    • The database supports scaling to larger amounts of users

    Optimizing the Web Tier

    • Optimizing the web tier (the part of the application related to user interaction) is crucial for handling a large number of users.

    Microservices Architecture

    • Breaking down applications into smaller, independent services
    • Allows for independent scaling and faster development cycles

    AWS X-Ray

    • A service for application performance monitoring
    • Helps identify bottlenecks and errors in applications

    Users > 1 Million

    • Scaling to 1 million users involves considerations like multi-region strategies and specialized database solutions.

    Database Solutions

    • Federation- splitting the database into different databases based on a function
    • Sharding - splitting the database into different hosts based on data
    • Using NoSQL databases - an alternative or auxiliary database architecture
    • Using a multi-region approach - replicating and spreading databases across multiple regions

    AWS Amplify

    • A suite of tools for developing mobile and web applications in AWS
    • Simplifies common development tasks, like user authentication and data management

    Multi-AZ Infrastructure

    • This approach involves distributing the application, databases, and related components across multiple availability zones, enhancing resilience.

    Automation Tools

    • The use of automation tools enables simplified application provisioning, deployments, and day-to-day management within AWS.
    • Automation tools simplify numerous applications within the AWS ecosystem

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    Scaling Up to 10 Million Users on AWS PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of cloud architecture principles, including redundancy, managed database services, and service-oriented architectures. This quiz covers key concepts that are essential for understanding modern cloud computing practices.

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