Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a key limitation of using a single instance in cloud architecture?
What is a key limitation of using a single instance in cloud architecture?
- It allows for independent scaling of components.
- It cannot handle large traffic loads.
- It lacks failover capabilities. (correct)
- It offers infinite redundancy.
Which of the following describes the problem of having no redundancy in a VPC?
Which of the following describes the problem of having no redundancy in a VPC?
- Increased data transfer costs.
- Ability to scale up easily.
- Potential loss of access to services. (correct)
- Improved billing management.
Which of the following is a characteristic of self-managed database options?
Which of the following is a characteristic of self-managed database options?
- They guarantee zero downtime.
- They require user maintenance. (correct)
- They provide automatic scaling.
- They are fully managed by AWS.
Why might cloud users face constraints on technology choices for individual components?
Why might cloud users face constraints on technology choices for individual components?
Which of the following is a fully managed database service offered by AWS?
Which of the following is a fully managed database service offered by AWS?
What is one consequence of not having failover in a cloud infrastructure?
What is one consequence of not having failover in a cloud infrastructure?
Which of the following best describes the concept of having 'too many eggs in one basket' in a cloud context?
Which of the following best describes the concept of having 'too many eggs in one basket' in a cloud context?
What is a primary benefit of a service-oriented architecture?
What is a primary benefit of a service-oriented architecture?
What is a recommended practice when implementing service-oriented architecture?
What is a recommended practice when implementing service-oriented architecture?
Which tool is commonly associated with defining stable interface contracts in a service-oriented architecture?
Which tool is commonly associated with defining stable interface contracts in a service-oriented architecture?
Why is breaking a monolith into component services advantageous?
Why is breaking a monolith into component services advantageous?
What is emphasized when moving services into their own tiers in service-oriented architecture?
What is emphasized when moving services into their own tiers in service-oriented architecture?
Which instance type is primarily designed for machine learning training?
Which instance type is primarily designed for machine learning training?
What is a significant characteristic of the c5.9xlarge instance?
What is a significant characteristic of the c5.9xlarge instance?
What is the primary benefit of horizontal scaling in a cloud environment?
What is the primary benefit of horizontal scaling in a cloud environment?
Which of the following methods helps balance network traffic efficiently?
Which of the following methods helps balance network traffic efficiently?
Which instance type is best suited for ARM workloads?
Which instance type is best suited for ARM workloads?
What is a potential downside of increasing instance size in cloud computing?
What is a potential downside of increasing instance size in cloud computing?
Which statement is true regarding the use of load balancers?
Which statement is true regarding the use of load balancers?
What does the term 'resiliency' refer to in the context of cloud instances?
What does the term 'resiliency' refer to in the context of cloud instances?
What happens when you hit a limit while scaling cloud resources?
What happens when you hit a limit while scaling cloud resources?
What significant change allows a revisit of the web tier discussion?
What significant change allows a revisit of the web tier discussion?
Which day is likely to have the highest traffic based on typical weekly patterns?
Which day is likely to have the highest traffic based on typical weekly patterns?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Auto Scaling?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Auto Scaling?
What percentage of provisioned capacity was shown in November statistics?
What percentage of provisioned capacity was shown in November statistics?
Which metric drives the scaling action in Auto Scaling?
Which metric drives the scaling action in Auto Scaling?
How does Auto Scaling improve reliability?
How does Auto Scaling improve reliability?
What is one capability that Auto Scaling offers for handling resources?
What is one capability that Auto Scaling offers for handling resources?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of provisioned capacity mentioned for November traffic?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of provisioned capacity mentioned for November traffic?
What is one advantage of cross-AZ automatic resizing in Auto Scaling?
What is one advantage of cross-AZ automatic resizing in Auto Scaling?
What happens to clusters during low traffic periods according to Auto Scaling principles?
What happens to clusters during low traffic periods according to Auto Scaling principles?
What is one of the primary advantages of using a CDN like Amazon CloudFront for dynamic content?
What is one of the primary advantages of using a CDN like Amazon CloudFront for dynamic content?
What is primarily improved in terms of performance when utilizing a CDN for static content?
What is primarily improved in terms of performance when utilizing a CDN for static content?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of not using a CDN?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of not using a CDN?
When comparing CDNs for static and dynamic content, which aspect remains more consistent across both types?
When comparing CDNs for static and dynamic content, which aspect remains more consistent across both types?
How does a CDN like Amazon CloudFront generally affect response time for dynamic content?
How does a CDN like Amazon CloudFront generally affect response time for dynamic content?
In the context of Amazon CloudFront, what role does server load play?
In the context of Amazon CloudFront, what role does server load play?
What distinguishes a CDN designed for static content from one designed for dynamic content?
What distinguishes a CDN designed for static content from one designed for dynamic content?
Which component receives an additional benefit from using a CDN when serving static content?
Which component receives an additional benefit from using a CDN when serving static content?
What is a common misconception about CDNs and their role in data delivery?
What is a common misconception about CDNs and their role in data delivery?
Which aspect is typically not enhanced by employing a CDN for content delivery?
Which aspect is typically not enhanced by employing a CDN for content delivery?
Flashcards
Single instance
Single instance
A single instance refers to a single server or virtual machine running your application. This instance is responsible for handling all user requests, and it lacks redundancy or failover mechanisms.
No failover
No failover
In a single instance architecture, the entire application relies on a single server. If that server fails, the entire application will go down. This is a significant risk, especially for critical applications.
No redundancy
No redundancy
A single instance architecture lacks redundancy. If the single server fails, there is no backup to take over the workload. Users won't be able to access the application until the server is fixed.
Can't scale individual components independently
Can't scale individual components independently
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Constrained on technology choices
Constrained on technology choices
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Too many eggs in one basket?
Too many eggs in one basket?
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Amazon Route 53
Amazon Route 53
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EC2 Instance Sizing
EC2 Instance Sizing
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Inferentia
Inferentia
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Trainium
Trainium
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Graviton (ARM)
Graviton (ARM)
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M5 instance (General Purpose)
M5 instance (General Purpose)
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Horizontal Scaling
Horizontal Scaling
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Load Balancer
Load Balancer
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Availability Zone
Availability Zone
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Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service)
Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service)
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Amazon CloudFront
Amazon CloudFront
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CDN for static content
CDN for static content
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CDN for static & dynamic content
CDN for static & dynamic content
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Response Time
Response Time
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Server Load
Server Load
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Server
Server
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Content Delivery Network (CDN)
Content Delivery Network (CDN)
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Caching
Caching
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Content Distribution
Content Distribution
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Dynamic Content
Dynamic Content
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Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
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Service Contract
Service Contract
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Open API (e.g., Swagger)
Open API (e.g., Swagger)
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Smithy
Smithy
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Private Implementation
Private Implementation
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Typical Weekly Traffic
Typical Weekly Traffic
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Provisioned Capacity
Provisioned Capacity
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Unused Capacity
Unused Capacity
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Auto Scaling
Auto Scaling
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Minimum/Maximum Pool Sizes
Minimum/Maximum Pool Sizes
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Amazon CloudWatch Metrics
Amazon CloudWatch Metrics
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On-Demand Instances
On-Demand Instances
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Spot Instances
Spot Instances
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Study Notes
Scaling on AWS
- The presentation focuses on scaling applications on Amazon Web Services (AWS) to handle increasing user numbers, up to 10 million users.
- A search for "scaling on AWS" returns many results, but the presenter is looking to avoid generic answers.
- Key scaling considerations include managing users, maintaining performance, incident response, business continuity, security, compliance, development, testing & change management, cost tracking, optimization, and environmental impact.
- AWS's global infrastructure involves 34 regions, 108 Availability Zones (AZs), and over 600 points of presence (PoPs).
- Regions define data location and legal protections (e.g., GDPR).
- AZs are clusters of data centers within a region, offering resilience against technical failures.
- PoPs are used to host content delivery services like Amazon CloudFront.
AWS Global Infrastructure
- AWS operates 34 regions, offering geographically diverse locations for services and data.
- 108 Availability Zones (AZs) - these are clusters of datacenters within a region.
- Over 600 points of presence (PoPs) - These are strategically placed locations for content delivery.
- PoPs are integral to content delivery services like Amazon CloudFront
AWS Local Zones
- An extension of AWS regions, located in populated areas.
AWS Wavelength
- Provides low-latency access to AWS services in stadiums/venues.
- AWS Wavelength uses 5G technology and can be used for video, deep analytics, and other data-intensive applications.
AWS Outposts
- Extend AWS services infrastructure to on-premises data centers.
- Allows for ultra-low latency applications, local processing, and local storage.
Database options
- The presentation describes both self-managed and fully managed database options within AWS.
- Self-managed: Amazon EC2 (for database workloads)
- Fully-managed: Amazon RDS (for relational), Amazon DynamoDB (for NoSQL), Amazon Aurora (a fast, relational database), Amazon Neptune (for graph databases), and Amazon Timestream (for time series data)
Amazon RDS
- AWS managed relational database (relational database management system, i.e. a SQL database)
- Features include daily maintenance, security patch management, software update management, availability of various database engines like MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle and SQL server, and Amazon Aurora support.
Amazon Aurora
- MySQL or PostgreSQL-compatible relational database
- Storage scaling up to 64 TB
- 15 read replicas, allowing for significant scaling of read-only traffic
- Continuous backups are a standard feature
Aurora Serverless v2
- On-demand, self-scaling database for applications with varying workloads
- Starts and stops automatically as needed, reducing idle costs
- Optimized for pay-per-second pricing, based on compute and memory consumed
- Database capacity scales automatically
NoSQL
- Presents both relational and non-relational database options and evaluates the pros/cons of using a NoSQL database
Cases where you might need NoSQL
- Latency-sensitive applications
- Data volumes exceeding terabytes
- Rapid ingestion requirements (millisecond data ingestion)
- Graph databases
Users: >1
- The presentation details database and application structure considerations as user numbers scale by moving to a multi-user application.
Amazon Cognito
- A managed user directory service for handling user authentication and authorization
- Supports various features, including hosted user interfaces, federated identities (linking with external providers like social media), and standard tokens
Users: 1 < Users < 1000
- A single instance (often not suitable for larger audiences/users)
- Databases (e.g., Amazon RDS instance)
Scaling Approaches
- Vertical scaling - increasing the resources of a single instance
- Horizontal scaling - adding more instances to distribute the load
Horizontal Scaling
- Adding instances to distribute the workload
- Utilizing a load balancer (an Application Load Balancer or Network Load Balancer) to distribute the traffic to instances
Application Load Balancer
- Highly available load balancer for application traffic
- Health checks, session stickiness, and monitoring are standard features
- Allows routing based on content
- Suitable for container-based applications and HTTP/2
Users > 10,000
- The presentation suggests strategies to handle high traffic volumes or users past 10,000
- The load balancer, AWS Lambda, and other AWS services are important in distributing the user load so that a single system does not overload
Amazon S3
- Object-based storage
- High durability and scalability
- Support for exceptionally large objects (up to 5 TB)
- Encryption during storage and transfer (both at rest and in transit)
Amazon CloudFront
- Content delivery network (CDN) optimized for use with AWS
- Content caching to reduce load on origin servers
- Provides custom SSL certificates and short TTLs (time-to-live policies) for objects in this service
How a CDN Deliver Content
- Content is cached at various edge locations
- Requests to the edge locations are usually faster than going back to the source
- CDN delivers content in a much faster way
Caching
- Caches static content (like images, videos, CSS, JavaScript, and others)
- Improves web application performance (reduces server loads and delays)
- Caching static content is important to optimize large-scale applications
Amazon ElastiCache
- Managed caching system for Memcached or Redis
- Scalable, self-healing, and supports deployment across multiple availability zones
How Cache Works
- Cache Aside - cache data can go stale
- Cache hit - data is retrieved from the cache
- Cache miss - data is retrieved from the database
Amazon DynamoDB
- Managed NoSQL database with provisioned and on-demand pricing models
- Fast and reliable data access in this database
- Features such as streams and triggers are useful for a variety of use cases in this database.
- The database supports scaling to larger amounts of users
Optimizing the Web Tier
- Optimizing the web tier (the part of the application related to user interaction) is crucial for handling a large number of users.
Microservices Architecture
- Breaking down applications into smaller, independent services
- Allows for independent scaling and faster development cycles
AWS X-Ray
- A service for application performance monitoring
- Helps identify bottlenecks and errors in applications
Users > 1 Million
- Scaling to 1 million users involves considerations like multi-region strategies and specialized database solutions.
Database Solutions
- Federation- splitting the database into different databases based on a function
- Sharding - splitting the database into different hosts based on data
- Using NoSQL databases - an alternative or auxiliary database architecture
- Using a multi-region approach - replicating and spreading databases across multiple regions
AWS Amplify
- A suite of tools for developing mobile and web applications in AWS
- Simplifies common development tasks, like user authentication and data management
Multi-AZ Infrastructure
- This approach involves distributing the application, databases, and related components across multiple availability zones, enhancing resilience.
Automation Tools
- The use of automation tools enables simplified application provisioning, deployments, and day-to-day management within AWS.
- Automation tools simplify numerous applications within the AWS ecosystem
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