Cloud Architecture Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a key limitation of using a single instance in cloud architecture?

  • It allows for independent scaling of components.
  • It cannot handle large traffic loads.
  • It lacks failover capabilities. (correct)
  • It offers infinite redundancy.

Which of the following describes the problem of having no redundancy in a VPC?

  • Increased data transfer costs.
  • Ability to scale up easily.
  • Potential loss of access to services. (correct)
  • Improved billing management.

Which of the following is a characteristic of self-managed database options?

  • They guarantee zero downtime.
  • They require user maintenance. (correct)
  • They provide automatic scaling.
  • They are fully managed by AWS.

Why might cloud users face constraints on technology choices for individual components?

<p>Due to a single instance approach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a fully managed database service offered by AWS?

<p>Amazon RDS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of not having failover in a cloud infrastructure?

<p>Higher risk of service disruptions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of having 'too many eggs in one basket' in a cloud context?

<p>Relying on a single cloud instance for critical operations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of a service-oriented architecture?

<p>Independent scaling of services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice when implementing service-oriented architecture?

<p>Treat each service as a separate component (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is commonly associated with defining stable interface contracts in a service-oriented architecture?

<p>Swagger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is breaking a monolith into component services advantageous?

<p>It allows for different technologies for each service (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized when moving services into their own tiers in service-oriented architecture?

<p>Isolation of services for better management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instance type is primarily designed for machine learning training?

<p>Trainium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the c5.9xlarge instance?

<p>Optimized for high performance computing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of horizontal scaling in a cloud environment?

<p>Allows for distribution of load across multiple instances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods helps balance network traffic efficiently?

<p>Application Load Balancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instance type is best suited for ARM workloads?

<p>Graviton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of increasing instance size in cloud computing?

<p>Higher costs due to larger resource allocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the use of load balancers?

<p>They distribute incoming traffic across several instances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'resiliency' refer to in the context of cloud instances?

<p>The ability of instances to recover from failures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you hit a limit while scaling cloud resources?

<p>Scaling operations may become costly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change allows a revisit of the web tier discussion?

<p>Lighter web tier structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which day is likely to have the highest traffic based on typical weekly patterns?

<p>Sunday (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of Auto Scaling?

<p>Manipulating frontend design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of provisioned capacity was shown in November statistics?

<p>76% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metric drives the scaling action in Auto Scaling?

<p>Amazon CloudWatch metrics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Auto Scaling improve reliability?

<p>By replacing unhealthy EC2 instances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one capability that Auto Scaling offers for handling resources?

<p>Support for both On-Demand and Spot Instances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of provisioned capacity mentioned for November traffic?

<p>It fluctuates based on user demand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of cross-AZ automatic resizing in Auto Scaling?

<p>Higher data redundancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to clusters during low traffic periods according to Auto Scaling principles?

<p>Clusters automatically downsize. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary advantages of using a CDN like Amazon CloudFront for dynamic content?

<p>Reduced server load (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily improved in terms of performance when utilizing a CDN for static content?

<p>Response time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of not using a CDN?

<p>Increased server load (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When comparing CDNs for static and dynamic content, which aspect remains more consistent across both types?

<p>Response time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a CDN like Amazon CloudFront generally affect response time for dynamic content?

<p>It reduces response time significantly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Amazon CloudFront, what role does server load play?

<p>It determines the CDN's response time effectiveness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a CDN designed for static content from one designed for dynamic content?

<p>The type of caching used (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component receives an additional benefit from using a CDN when serving static content?

<p>Server performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about CDNs and their role in data delivery?

<p>They do not impact dynamic content (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is typically not enhanced by employing a CDN for content delivery?

<p>Cost of server infrastructure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Single instance

A single instance refers to a single server or virtual machine running your application. This instance is responsible for handling all user requests, and it lacks redundancy or failover mechanisms.

No failover

In a single instance architecture, the entire application relies on a single server. If that server fails, the entire application will go down. This is a significant risk, especially for critical applications.

No redundancy

A single instance architecture lacks redundancy. If the single server fails, there is no backup to take over the workload. Users won't be able to access the application until the server is fixed.

Can't scale individual components independently

In a single instance architecture, you can't scale individual components (like the database) independently. You need to scale the entire application together, even if only one component needs more resources.

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Constrained on technology choices

When using single instances, you might be limited in your technology choices. You can't use different technologies for different components of your application.

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Too many eggs in one basket?

A single instance architecture is like putting all your eggs in one basket. If that basket falls, everything is lost.

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Amazon Route 53

Amazon Route 53 is a highly available and scalable cloud DNS service that directs internet traffic to your applications. It can be used with a single instance architecture, but it's important to note that Route 53 alone does not address the limitations of a single instance setup.

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EC2 Instance Sizing

The ability to adjust the size of an EC2 instance on demand, allowing you to scale resources up or down based on your application's needs.

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Inferentia

An EC2 instance type designed for machine learning inference tasks, offering optimized performance and cost-effectiveness.

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Trainium

An EC2 instance type optimized for machine learning training, providing high-performance processing for large datasets.

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Graviton (ARM)

An EC2 instance type based on ARM architecture, designed for workloads that benefit from its efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

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M5 instance (General Purpose)

A type of EC2 instance designed for general-purpose workloads, offering a balance of performance and cost.

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Horizontal Scaling

The process of distributing workloads across multiple instances to improve performance, availability, and scalability.

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Load Balancer

A service that provides load balancing, distributing traffic across multiple instances to improve performance and availability.

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Availability Zone

A collection of multiple instances within a specific geographic location.

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Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service)

A service that provides a managed database solution, simplifying database administration and reducing operational overhead.

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Amazon CloudFront

A Content Delivery Network (CDN) that delivers static and dynamic content using an edge network.

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CDN for static content

A type of content delivery network (CDN) that primarily serves static content, such as images, CSS, and JavaScript.

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CDN for static & dynamic content

A type of content delivery network (CDN) that serves both static and dynamic content, allowing for more interactive and personalized experiences.

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Response Time

The time it takes for a user's request to reach a server and receive a response. A CDN can improve response time by caching content closer to the user, reducing the distance data needs to travel.

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Server Load

The amount of work a server has to perform to process requests. A CDN can reduce server load by handling requests at the edge, taking some of the burden off the main server.

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Server

A server that delivers web content to users. This is the core of a website or application.

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Content Delivery Network (CDN)

A network of servers distributed geographically, allowing for faster content delivery to users. A CDN acts as a middleman between the user and the server.

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Caching

The process of storing a copy of a website's files closer to the user, reducing the distance data needs to travel. A CDN can cache both static and dynamic content.

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Content Distribution

The act of distributing content across multiple servers located in different geographical locations. A CDN distributes content based on user location for faster delivery times.

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Dynamic Content

The process of dynamically generating content based on user actions or requests. This requires interaction with a server to create personalized content.

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Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Breaking down a single, large application (monolith) into smaller, independent services. Each service can be deployed, scaled, and updated separately.

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Service Contract

A formal description of how a service interacts with other services or clients, outlining the data it accepts and the responses it provides.

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Open API (e.g., Swagger)

A standardized way to define and document APIs, making them easily accessible for different applications.

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Smithy

A framework for defining APIs in a more structured and consistent manner, often used in service contracts.

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Private Implementation

The internal implementation of a service is hidden from clients, who only interact with the defined service contract.

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Typical Weekly Traffic

A pattern where traffic to a site fluctuates greatly, reflecting user behavior. Typically higher on specific days, and lower on others.

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Provisioned Capacity

The fixed amount of resources (e.g., servers) allocated for an application. This is set in advance, regardless of actual traffic.

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Unused Capacity

The percentage of unused resources within a system's provisioned capacity. This means the system is capable of handling more traffic than it currently receives.

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Auto Scaling

The practice of automatically adjusting the amount of resources used by an application based on demand. This allows for efficient resource allocation and cost optimization.

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Minimum/Maximum Pool Sizes

The minimum and maximum number of instances that an Auto Scaling group is allowed to have at any given time. These values prevent the group from becoming too large or too small, ensuring a balance between performance and cost.

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Amazon CloudWatch Metrics

Data collected from various sources (e.g., server logs, network traffic, user activity) to measure the performance and health of an application.

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On-Demand Instances

Instances used for on-demand computation, charged based on usage. They are temporary and can be scaled up or down quickly.

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Spot Instances

Instances available at a lower price than On-Demand Instances but may be interrupted if demand exceeds supply. Suitable for non-critical workloads.

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Study Notes

Scaling on AWS

  • The presentation focuses on scaling applications on Amazon Web Services (AWS) to handle increasing user numbers, up to 10 million users.
  • A search for "scaling on AWS" returns many results, but the presenter is looking to avoid generic answers.
  • Key scaling considerations include managing users, maintaining performance, incident response, business continuity, security, compliance, development, testing & change management, cost tracking, optimization, and environmental impact.
  • AWS's global infrastructure involves 34 regions, 108 Availability Zones (AZs), and over 600 points of presence (PoPs).
  • Regions define data location and legal protections (e.g., GDPR).
  • AZs are clusters of data centers within a region, offering resilience against technical failures.
  • PoPs are used to host content delivery services like Amazon CloudFront.

AWS Global Infrastructure

  • AWS operates 34 regions, offering geographically diverse locations for services and data.
  • 108 Availability Zones (AZs) - these are clusters of datacenters within a region.
  • Over 600 points of presence (PoPs) - These are strategically placed locations for content delivery.
  • PoPs are integral to content delivery services like Amazon CloudFront

AWS Local Zones

  • An extension of AWS regions, located in populated areas.

AWS Wavelength

  • Provides low-latency access to AWS services in stadiums/venues.
  • AWS Wavelength uses 5G technology and can be used for video, deep analytics, and other data-intensive applications.

AWS Outposts

  • Extend AWS services infrastructure to on-premises data centers.
  • Allows for ultra-low latency applications, local processing, and local storage.

Database options

  • The presentation describes both self-managed and fully managed database options within AWS.
  • Self-managed: Amazon EC2 (for database workloads)
  • Fully-managed: Amazon RDS (for relational), Amazon DynamoDB (for NoSQL), Amazon Aurora (a fast, relational database), Amazon Neptune (for graph databases), and Amazon Timestream (for time series data)

Amazon RDS

  • AWS managed relational database (relational database management system, i.e. a SQL database)
  • Features include daily maintenance, security patch management, software update management, availability of various database engines like MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle and SQL server, and Amazon Aurora support.

Amazon Aurora

  • MySQL or PostgreSQL-compatible relational database
  • Storage scaling up to 64 TB
  • 15 read replicas, allowing for significant scaling of read-only traffic
  • Continuous backups are a standard feature

Aurora Serverless v2

  • On-demand, self-scaling database for applications with varying workloads
  • Starts and stops automatically as needed, reducing idle costs
  • Optimized for pay-per-second pricing, based on compute and memory consumed
  • Database capacity scales automatically

NoSQL

  • Presents both relational and non-relational database options and evaluates the pros/cons of using a NoSQL database

Cases where you might need NoSQL

  • Latency-sensitive applications
  • Data volumes exceeding terabytes
  • Rapid ingestion requirements (millisecond data ingestion)
  • Graph databases

Users: >1

  • The presentation details database and application structure considerations as user numbers scale by moving to a multi-user application.

Amazon Cognito

  • A managed user directory service for handling user authentication and authorization
  • Supports various features, including hosted user interfaces, federated identities (linking with external providers like social media), and standard tokens

Users: 1 < Users < 1000

  • A single instance (often not suitable for larger audiences/users)
  • Databases (e.g., Amazon RDS instance)

Scaling Approaches

  • Vertical scaling - increasing the resources of a single instance
  • Horizontal scaling - adding more instances to distribute the load

Horizontal Scaling

  • Adding instances to distribute the workload
  • Utilizing a load balancer (an Application Load Balancer or Network Load Balancer) to distribute the traffic to instances

Application Load Balancer

  • Highly available load balancer for application traffic
  • Health checks, session stickiness, and monitoring are standard features
  • Allows routing based on content
  • Suitable for container-based applications and HTTP/2

Users > 10,000

  • The presentation suggests strategies to handle high traffic volumes or users past 10,000
  • The load balancer, AWS Lambda, and other AWS services are important in distributing the user load so that a single system does not overload

Amazon S3

  • Object-based storage
  • High durability and scalability
  • Support for exceptionally large objects (up to 5 TB)
  • Encryption during storage and transfer (both at rest and in transit)

Amazon CloudFront

  • Content delivery network (CDN) optimized for use with AWS
  • Content caching to reduce load on origin servers
  • Provides custom SSL certificates and short TTLs (time-to-live policies) for objects in this service

How a CDN Deliver Content

  • Content is cached at various edge locations
  • Requests to the edge locations are usually faster than going back to the source
  • CDN delivers content in a much faster way

Caching

  • Caches static content (like images, videos, CSS, JavaScript, and others)
  • Improves web application performance (reduces server loads and delays)
  • Caching static content is important to optimize large-scale applications

Amazon ElastiCache

  • Managed caching system for Memcached or Redis
  • Scalable, self-healing, and supports deployment across multiple availability zones

How Cache Works

  • Cache Aside - cache data can go stale
  • Cache hit - data is retrieved from the cache
  • Cache miss - data is retrieved from the database

Amazon DynamoDB

  • Managed NoSQL database with provisioned and on-demand pricing models
  • Fast and reliable data access in this database
  • Features such as streams and triggers are useful for a variety of use cases in this database.
  • The database supports scaling to larger amounts of users

Optimizing the Web Tier

  • Optimizing the web tier (the part of the application related to user interaction) is crucial for handling a large number of users.

Microservices Architecture

  • Breaking down applications into smaller, independent services
  • Allows for independent scaling and faster development cycles

AWS X-Ray

  • A service for application performance monitoring
  • Helps identify bottlenecks and errors in applications

Users > 1 Million

  • Scaling to 1 million users involves considerations like multi-region strategies and specialized database solutions.

Database Solutions

  • Federation- splitting the database into different databases based on a function
  • Sharding - splitting the database into different hosts based on data
  • Using NoSQL databases - an alternative or auxiliary database architecture
  • Using a multi-region approach - replicating and spreading databases across multiple regions

AWS Amplify

  • A suite of tools for developing mobile and web applications in AWS
  • Simplifies common development tasks, like user authentication and data management

Multi-AZ Infrastructure

  • This approach involves distributing the application, databases, and related components across multiple availability zones, enhancing resilience.

Automation Tools

  • The use of automation tools enables simplified application provisioning, deployments, and day-to-day management within AWS.
  • Automation tools simplify numerous applications within the AWS ecosystem

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