Closed Class Words Flashcards

Study Notes

Closed Class Words Overview

Closed class words are a fixed set of words that include function words essential for sentence structure.

Operator Verbs (ov)

Examples: have, be, do, can, may, will, shall.
Serve as main verbs (Mv) or auxiliary verbs (AUX) in verb phrases (VP).

Prepositions (p)

Simple prepositions: of, in, on, at, before, under, past, etc.
Complex prepositions: as far as, except for, apart from, etc.
Function: Connect phrases (PP) and prepositional clauses (PCl) to other phrases and clauses.

Pronouns (pn)

Personal pronouns: I, me, you, he, she, it, her, them.
Impersonal pronouns: it, they.
Possessive pronouns: mine, ours, yours, hers, his, its, theirs.
Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, themselves, etc.
Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another.
Interrogative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, what, where, why.
Relative pronouns: who, which, that, where.
Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Indefinite pronouns: all, some, any, nobody, etc.
Function of pronouns: Act as heads in noun phrases (NP) and prepositional phrases (PP).

Determiners (d)

Function: Serve as pre-modifiers in phrases.
Types include:
- Articles: a/an (indefinite), the (definite).
- Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
- Possessive: my, our, your, her, etc.
- Wh-words: whose, which.
- Negative: no.
- Quantifiers: each, every, some, many, etc.

Enumerators (e)

Function: Can act as pre-modifiers or heads in noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
Types:
- Cardinal numbers: one, two, three, etc.
- Ordinal numbers: first, second, third, etc.

Anaphoric, Cataphoric, and Exophoric References

Anaphoric: Reference to something previously mentioned, points backward in text.
Cataphoric: Reference to something not yet mentioned, points forward in text.
Exophoric: Reference to something outside the text, based on assumed knowledge.

Conjunctions (cj)

Function: Link units of equal status (coordinators, correlatives) or introduce subordinate clauses (subordinators).
Coordinators: and, or, but.
Correlatives: either...or, neither...nor, both...and.
Subordinators: after, because, if, although, etc.

Interjections (ij)

Function: Convey a pragmatic (emotional, phatic) effect without grammatical function.
Types include:
- Emotive words: ouch, oh.
- Swear words: expressions that can be deemed vulgar.
- Discourse signals: goodbye, yes, um, okay.

Description

This quiz consists of flashcards focusing on closed class words, including their definitions and examples. Test your knowledge on operators, prepositions, pronouns, determiners, and enumerators to enhance your understanding of grammar. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their language skills!