CLO 3: Physical States of Matter

CLO 3: Physical States of Matter

• Potential Energy: Energy of position, resulting from attractive forces between molecules.
• Absolute Zero: Lowest possible temperature where kinetic energy is zero, molecules cease vibrating.
• Temperature Scale Conversions:
  • Celsius to Fahrenheit: F = (1.8 × C) + 32
  • Fahrenheit to Celsius: C = (F - 32) / 1.8
  • Celsius to Kelvin: K = C + 273
  • Kelvin to Celsius: C = K - 273

Melting and Freezing

• Melting: Molecular kinetic energy increases with heat, weakening intermolecular forces, causing a solid to turn into a liquid.
• Freezing: Opposite of melting, heat energy transferred from liquid to surroundings, molecules regain stable solid structure.

Viscosity, Cohesion, Adhesion, Surface Tension, and Capillary Action

• Viscosity: Resistance to fluid flow, directly proportional to cohesive forces between molecules. Higher cohesive forces = higher viscosity.
• Cohesion: Attractive force between like molecules.
• Adhesion: Attractive force between unlike molecules.
• Surface Tension: Inward force at a liquid's surface, minimizing surface area; often spherical.
• Capillary Action: Upward movement of liquid against gravity in narrow tubes, due to adhesion and surface tension.

Boiling, Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, Dew Point, and Humidity

• Boiling Point: Temperature where vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure, allowing liquid to vaporize.
• Evaporation: Vaporization below boiling point, where surface molecules gain enough kinetic energy to escape liquid phase into gas phase.
• Vapor Pressure: Pressure exerted by vapor molecules in a gaseous state above liquid.
• Dew Point: Temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor, and condensation occurs.

CLO 4: Gas Behavior

• Partial Pressure: Proportion of total pressure exerted by an individual gas in a gas mixture (Dalton's Law).
• Boyle's Law: Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional at constant temperature. (P1V1 = P2V2)
• Charles's Law: Volume and absolute temperature of a gas are directly proportional at constant pressure. (V1/T1 = V2/T2)
• Gay-Lussac's Law: Pressure and absolute temperature of a gas are directly proportional at constant volume. (P1/T1 = P2/T2)
• Combined Gas Law: Combines Boyle's, Charles's, and Gay-Lussac's Laws (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2)
• ATPS, BTPS, and STPD: Units of temperature and pressure for gas calculations:
  • ATPS: Ambient temperature and pressure, dry.
  • BTPS: Body temperature and pressure, saturated.
  • STPD: Standard temperature and pressure, dry.

Critical Temperature and Pressure

• Critical Temperature: Highest temperature at which a substance can exist as a liquid.
• Critical Pressure: Pressure required to maintain equilibrium between liquid and gas phases at critical temperature.

Laminar and Turbulent Flow, Bernoulli Effect, Venturi Principle, and the Coanda Effect

• Laminar Flow: Fluid flows in smooth, parallel layers, obeys Poiseuille's law.
• Turbulent Flow: Chaotic flow with eddies, not easily predictable with existing equations
• Bernoulli Effect: As fluid velocity increases, pressure decreases.
• Venturi Effect: Drop in pressure in a constricted region of flowing fluid.
• Coanda Effect: Fluid tends to follow curved surfaces.

Electrical Concepts

• Voltage: Electrical potential difference.
• Current: Flow of charged particles (electricity).
• Resistance: Opposition to current flow.
• Wattage: Measure of power.
• Ohm: Unit of electrical resistance.