CLN4U Law Exam Review - January 2024

Things you are legally required to do, like obeying laws, paying taxes, and respecting others' rights.

Treating everyone the same, giving equal opportunities and resources, regardless of individual needs.

Treating people fairly by providing what they need to succeed, even if it means giving different resources or support.

Personal beliefs and cultural standards about right and wrong.

Treating others with respect, fairness, and compassion.

A philosophy where the right action benefits the most people and minimizes harm.

Laws that protect people's basic rights to dignity and well-being, ensuring fair treatment from both others and the government.

Laws are often based on moral principles, but not all moral ideas become laws.

The right to silence prevents incriminating evidence from being used against a person testifying as a witness.

A trial participant or witness can access an interpreter to understand proceedings.

If someone's rights are violated, they can seek a remedy in court.

Keegstra was charged under Canada's hate speech law for anti-Semitic teachings in his classroom.

Keegstra argued that the hate speech law violated his freedom of expression.

The Supreme Court upheld the hate speech law, limiting Keegstra's freedom of speech to prevent harm.

Whatcott was found guilty of promoting hate speech through anti-LGBTQ+ flyers he distributed.

Whatcott claimed his actions were protected by freedom of expression and religion but the Supreme Court ruled that hate speech harms others and is not protected.

The branch of government responsible for implementing laws passed by the legislative branch. It's made up of the Prime Minister and their cabinet ministers.

This branch of government resolves legal disputes and clarifies the meaning of laws. It acts as a neutral third party.

The branch of government responsible for creating, accepting, or rejecting laws. It includes the Senate and the House of Commons.

The division of powers between the federal, provincial, and municipal levels of government, outlining their specific areas of responsibility.

Areas of responsibility assigned to the federal government, including national matters like trade, defense, and criminal law.

Areas of responsibility assigned to provincial governments, including matters like health, education, and natural resources.

Areas of responsibility assigned to municipal governments, including local services and infrastructure.

Significant events that have shaped Canada's constitutional development, leading to greater autonomy and independence.

A policy that aims to increase the representation of groups that have faced discrimination. It allows for discrimination if it benefits a group that has been historically disadvantaged.

A legal document that outlines the rights of Indigenous Peoples in Canada. It guarantees that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms won't infringe on their unique rights, emphasizing their collective identity and rights.

A law that gave the federal government the power to make decisions regarding Indigenous health care, education, and social services, while also imposing restrictions on alcohol consumption.

An attempt by the federal government to assimilate Indigenous people into mainstream Canadian society. This involved ending the distinction between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians and promoting individual rights over collective rights.

Agreements or laws that countries agree to follow. However, their enforceability depends on each country's commitment to upholding them.

Treating one group more favorably than another, even if it means being unfair to the other group. This is sometimes used to address past injustices.

The legal framework that governs relationships between states, including treaties, international organizations, and customary practices.

Formal agreements between countries that are legally binding. These agreements address specific issues and create obligations for the participating nations.

A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a group that works independently from any government, aiming to achieve social or political goals. They often focus on specific issues like human rights, environmental protection, or poverty relief.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that promotes cooperation and peace among its member countries. It works on a wide range of issues, including security, development, and human rights.

The General Assembly is the main decision-making body of the UN. It's where all 193 member countries have equal representation, discussing issues and making decisions.

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, including 5 permanent ones (USA, Russia, China, France, UK) with veto power.

The Secretariat is the administrative arm of the UN. It handles everyday tasks, led by the Secretary-General, and supports the other UN organs.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) promotes international cooperation on economic, social, and environmental issues. It coordinates UN efforts to achieve sustainable development and improve lives worldwide.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the UN's main judicial body. It settles legal disputes between countries and gives legal guidance to UN organs.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is based in the city of The Hague, Netherlands. It is the main judicial body of the UN.

The process of using reason and observation to analyze the natural world. It forms the basis of modern scientific methods.

A belief that humans are inherently social creatures and cannot achieve goodness solely through education. People can be categorized into those born good, those who can be made good through education, and those ruled by their passions.

The body of laws governing the universe, created and maintained by God. Humans cannot fully understand it because it's beyond their comprehension.

The way natural law operates in humans. We use reason to understand and observe its principles in the world.

Examples of natural law: Parents caring for their children, individuals striving to preserve their lives, and avoiding harm to others.

Laws revealed through scriptures, such as the Ten Commandments.

Laws created by humans to maintain a functioning society. These laws are codified and enforced through punishments.

The idea that the purpose of government is to control the state and maintain order, not necessarily to defend natural rights. It's based on the belief that humans are naturally violent.

Natural rights and natural laws defined by John Locke: Life, liberty, and property. No one should violate these rights.

The theory that law is an instrument of oppression used by the ruling class against the working class.

A legal theory that argues law has historically been used to oppress women by men. It's based on the feminist movement and highlights differences in treatment between men and women.

The law-making power of the federal government in Canada, allowing them to create laws for the good of the entire country.

The system of governing Canada, including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It defines the structure of the country's government.