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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of an experimental study?
Which type of study is used to estimate the proportion of children with diarrhea?
In a longitudinal study, what is measured?
What is the primary focus of a case-control study?
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What is the purpose of a retrospective study?
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Which type of study is also known as a clinical trial?
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What is the main difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study?
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Which type of study is used to describe patterns of change and establish causal relationships?
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What is the main purpose of a descriptive study?
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What type of study is used to examine the relationship between variables?
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What is the main purpose of an experimental study?
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What type of study is used to study a group of individuals over a long period of time?
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What type of study is used to study a group of individuals at a single point in time?
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What is the purpose of defining the main purpose of a study?
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What is important to consider when selecting a study design?
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What is the benefit of a literature review in research?
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What is the purpose of a control group in a study?
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Which type of study involves studying a group of individuals with some common features over time?
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What is the main challenge in matching individuals in a control group to those in a case group?
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What is the focus of a case-control study?
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Which type of study is used to study a group of individuals who are born in the same year?
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What is the term for matching individuals in a control group to those in a case group?
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Study Notes
Clinical Trials and Study Types
- Clinical trials involve studying the best treatment regimens and are allowed even if there is an expected harmful effect.
- Example: finding whether survival time of cancer breast females who receive radiotherapy first then surgery is longer than surgery treatment alone.
Types of Study Designs
- Cross-sectional study: single time recording of events, e.g., studying the proportion of children with diarrhea.
- Longitudinal studies: follow the same sample over time, making repeated observations, e.g., tracking changes in a group of people over time.
- Retrospective study: studying possible factors in the past related to the present state, e.g., relating diabetes mellitus to past consumption of fatty diets.
Group of Study
- Case-control: collecting data for two groups, cases (group of concern) and control (comparable group), e.g., studying the relationship between specific behaviors and disease.
- Cohort: studying a group of individuals with some common features, e.g., studying goitre among a group living away from the sea.
Literature Review
- Researchers should consider relevant background information, what information is needed, and how it will be used in decision-making.
- Literature review involves studying academic journals, conference and government reports, and library resources.
Making Hypothesis
- Hypothesis development is a technical process that depends on the researcher's experience.
- Hypothesis narrows down the research area and keeps the researcher on the right path.
Research Design
- Research design is prepared after formulating the problem and creating a hypothesis.
- It involves drawing the conceptual structure of the problem and may involve different types of research designs.
Study Aims
- Descriptive study: explores a situation and describes it, e.g., estimating disease prevalence or describing symptoms.
- Analytical study: examines how or why certain phenomena are present, e.g., studying why Japanese women have lower prevalence of cancer breast.
- Experimental study: involves intervention and is used to study the effect of a specific intervention, e.g., extending outpatient service time to improve service quality.
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Description
This quiz assesses understanding of clinical trials, research methodology, and study design. It covers topics such as interventions, treatment regimens, and data collection.
