29 Questions
What differentiates a poison from a remedy according to Paracelsus?
The right dose
Which of the following is considered dose dependent drug toxicity?
Side effects
What can happen if β blockers affect the β receptors in the bronchi?
Bronchoconstriction
Which adverse effects of a drug are considered when taken in excess of the therapeutic range?
Overdose
Which type of drug toxicity can manifest as idiosyncratic hypersensitivity?
Dose independent drug toxicity
Why is it important to know the side effect profile of a drug?
To avoid severe side effects
What is the primary objective of biotransformation?
Decrease toxicity
How does the body defend against foreign substances?
By using biotransformation enzymes and antioxidants
Which route of excretion involves volatile compounds being exhaled?
Exhalation
Which route of absorption allows chemicals to enter the blood via the alveoli?
Inhalation
Where do lipophilic compounds like DDT tend to store in the body?
Adipose tissue
How does bioactivation impact the clearance rate of compounds?
It increases the rate of clearance
What effect can biotransformation have on the concentration of active compounds at the target site?
Decrease amount at target site
What is the process by which a chemical agent translocates throughout the body called?
Distribution
Which factor does NOT influence the rate of distribution of a toxicant in the body?
Temperature
Which organ plays a role in biliary excretion of toxicants?
Liver
How can urinary excretion aid in eliminating toxicants?
By filtering out water-soluble products
How can rapid mobilization of fat affect blood concentration of lipophilic compounds?
Increase it
What is the potential consequence of an overdose of barbiturates?
Respiratory depression
Which drug overdose leads to liver damage by saturating the normal conjugation reaction?
Paracetamol
What does N acetylcysteine act as when given to treat a paracetamol overdose?
A precursor to glutathione
What is an idiosyncratic reaction to a drug dose characterized by?
Genetically determined unusual response
What is the main function of glutathione in the body's response to paracetamol overdose?
Neutralize reactive intermediates
Which drug causes muscle paralysis and respiratory depression at high concentrations?
Suxamethonium
What is a common cause of death in an acutely poisoned patient?
Loss of respiratory drive
How does activated charcoal aid in preventing the absorption of poisons?
By chemical adsorption of many poisons
What is one method mentioned to alter biotransformation as a way to prevent the toxicity of compounds?
Interfering with metabolic conversion of compounds
In treating acute poisoning, what is the first goal mentioned in the strategies outlined?
Maintain respiration and circulation
What is one way to determine the location and ratio of ionized to un-ionized poison in the body?
Use drug dissociation constant and Henderson-Hasselbach equation
Explore the general principles and management strategies for clinical toxicity, including the concepts of adverse effects, dose-dependent and dose-independent drug toxicity. Learn about the definition of drug toxicity and how it differentiates between a poison and a remedy, as stated by Paracelsus.
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