Clinical Toxicity: Introduction and Management Principles

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What differentiates a poison from a remedy according to Paracelsus?

The right dose (correct)

The method of administration

The color of the substance

The type of substance

Which of the following is considered dose dependent drug toxicity?

Side effects (correct)

Overdose

Idiosyncratic hypersensitivity

Allergic reactions

What can happen if β blockers affect the β receptors in the bronchi?

Bronchoconstriction (correct)

Vasodilation

Increased heart rate

Reduced blood pressure

Which adverse effects of a drug are considered when taken in excess of the therapeutic range?

Overdose Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug toxicity can manifest as idiosyncratic hypersensitivity?

Dose independent drug toxicity Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to know the side effect profile of a drug?

To avoid severe side effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of biotransformation?

Decrease toxicity Signup and view all the answers

How does the body defend against foreign substances?

By using biotransformation enzymes and antioxidants Signup and view all the answers

Which route of excretion involves volatile compounds being exhaled?

Exhalation Signup and view all the answers

Which route of absorption allows chemicals to enter the blood via the alveoli?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

Where do lipophilic compounds like DDT tend to store in the body?

Adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

How does bioactivation impact the clearance rate of compounds?

It increases the rate of clearance Signup and view all the answers

What effect can biotransformation have on the concentration of active compounds at the target site?

Decrease amount at target site Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a chemical agent translocates throughout the body called?

Distribution Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the rate of distribution of a toxicant in the body?

Temperature Signup and view all the answers

Which organ plays a role in biliary excretion of toxicants?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

How can urinary excretion aid in eliminating toxicants?

By filtering out water-soluble products Signup and view all the answers

How can rapid mobilization of fat affect blood concentration of lipophilic compounds?

Increase it Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of an overdose of barbiturates?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

Which drug overdose leads to liver damage by saturating the normal conjugation reaction?

Paracetamol Signup and view all the answers

What does N acetylcysteine act as when given to treat a paracetamol overdose?

A precursor to glutathione Signup and view all the answers

What is an idiosyncratic reaction to a drug dose characterized by?

Genetically determined unusual response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glutathione in the body's response to paracetamol overdose?

Neutralize reactive intermediates Signup and view all the answers

Which drug causes muscle paralysis and respiratory depression at high concentrations?

Suxamethonium Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of death in an acutely poisoned patient?

Loss of respiratory drive Signup and view all the answers

How does activated charcoal aid in preventing the absorption of poisons?

By chemical adsorption of many poisons Signup and view all the answers

What is one method mentioned to alter biotransformation as a way to prevent the toxicity of compounds?

Interfering with metabolic conversion of compounds Signup and view all the answers

In treating acute poisoning, what is the first goal mentioned in the strategies outlined?

Maintain respiration and circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to determine the location and ratio of ionized to un-ionized poison in the body?

Use drug dissociation constant and Henderson-Hasselbach equation Signup and view all the answers