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Questions and Answers
What is a primary focus of integrated mental health care in primary settings?
What is a primary focus of integrated mental health care in primary settings?
Which of the following best represents a preventative approach to mental health?
Which of the following best represents a preventative approach to mental health?
What is a key aspect of addressing social determinants of mental health?
What is a key aspect of addressing social determinants of mental health?
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of self-care and professional development in clinical psychology?
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of self-care and professional development in clinical psychology?
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Which statement about public mental health initiatives is accurate?
Which statement about public mental health initiatives is accurate?
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What is the primary focus of clinical psychology?
What is the primary focus of clinical psychology?
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Which of the following is considered a biological cause of mental disorders?
Which of the following is considered a biological cause of mental disorders?
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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy belongs to which category of therapies?
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy belongs to which category of therapies?
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What historical approach viewed emotional distress as a biological consequence?
What historical approach viewed emotional distress as a biological consequence?
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What does the term 'psychogenesis' refer to in the context of psychological disorders?
What does the term 'psychogenesis' refer to in the context of psychological disorders?
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Which period is associated with the concept of exorcism as a treatment?
Which period is associated with the concept of exorcism as a treatment?
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What is a common psychological reaction that can contribute to mental health issues?
What is a common psychological reaction that can contribute to mental health issues?
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What theory posits that deviance in thinking or behavior is due to brain pathology?
What theory posits that deviance in thinking or behavior is due to brain pathology?
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Which personality type is characterized as calm and reasonable?
Which personality type is characterized as calm and reasonable?
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What was the main belief regarding the causes of mental health challenges during the Medieval era?
What was the main belief regarding the causes of mental health challenges during the Medieval era?
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What treatment method was commonly employed during the Medieval period?
What treatment method was commonly employed during the Medieval period?
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What was a common misunderstanding about women during the Greek and Roman period related to hysteria?
What was a common misunderstanding about women during the Greek and Roman period related to hysteria?
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Which emotional state is associated with the Melancholic personality type?
Which emotional state is associated with the Melancholic personality type?
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During which period did the understanding of mental health experience little development due to superstition and spiritual belief?
During which period did the understanding of mental health experience little development due to superstition and spiritual belief?
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What concept did Hippocrates introduce regarding illness?
What concept did Hippocrates introduce regarding illness?
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What role did scapegoating play during the Medieval period?
What role did scapegoating play during the Medieval period?
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What was one notable symptom exhibited by Macbeth as a result of his guilt?
What was one notable symptom exhibited by Macbeth as a result of his guilt?
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According to John Locke, how is 'the self' developed?
According to John Locke, how is 'the self' developed?
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What approach did Pinel advocate regarding individuals with mental health challenges?
What approach did Pinel advocate regarding individuals with mental health challenges?
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What was a significant aspect of the public interactions with patients in asylums during the 17th to 18th centuries?
What was a significant aspect of the public interactions with patients in asylums during the 17th to 18th centuries?
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What form of treatment was suggested as a method to address mental health challenges in the Victorian era?
What form of treatment was suggested as a method to address mental health challenges in the Victorian era?
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What warning did J.S. Mill provide regarding vulnerable individuals?
What warning did J.S. Mill provide regarding vulnerable individuals?
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What was one of Lady Macbeth's responses to her guilt?
What was one of Lady Macbeth's responses to her guilt?
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What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on patient visits to asylums?
What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on patient visits to asylums?
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What is the primary outcome of the Little Albert experiment?
What is the primary outcome of the Little Albert experiment?
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Which approach integrates elements from different therapeutic models?
Which approach integrates elements from different therapeutic models?
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How does the Little Albert experiment contribute to the understanding of phobias?
How does the Little Albert experiment contribute to the understanding of phobias?
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What role did the Eugenics movement play in society during the early 20th century?
What role did the Eugenics movement play in society during the early 20th century?
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What did Kraepelin propose as a cause of mental health challenges?
What did Kraepelin propose as a cause of mental health challenges?
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What role does technology play in modern clinical psychology?
What role does technology play in modern clinical psychology?
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Which psychological technique did Jean-Martin Charcot primarily use to explore mental disorders?
Which psychological technique did Jean-Martin Charcot primarily use to explore mental disorders?
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What aspect is emphasized by trauma-informed care?
What aspect is emphasized by trauma-informed care?
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In the case of Anna O., what was significant about her treatment in relation to psychoanalysis?
In the case of Anna O., what was significant about her treatment in relation to psychoanalysis?
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What is a characteristic of Third-Wave Therapies?
What is a characteristic of Third-Wave Therapies?
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What connection did Watson establish in his studies during the 1920s?
What connection did Watson establish in his studies during the 1920s?
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What is a significant benefit of using AI in clinical psychology?
What is a significant benefit of using AI in clinical psychology?
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What significant approach did the Eugenics movement challenge during its time?
What significant approach did the Eugenics movement challenge during its time?
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What is a key feature of collaborative work in psychology?
What is a key feature of collaborative work in psychology?
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What was a key contribution of Josef Breuer to the field of psychology?
What was a key contribution of Josef Breuer to the field of psychology?
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How did eugenic ideologies manifest in Nazi Germany?
How did eugenic ideologies manifest in Nazi Germany?
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Study Notes
PSY1204: Introduction to Clinical Psychology
- This course introduces clinical psychology
- The lecturer is Dr David Francis Hunt
What is Clinical Psychology?
- Clinical psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional and behavioral disorders.
- Clinical psychologists integrate research with therapeutic techniques.
- They carry out assessments, diagnoses and treatment for various conditions.
A Branch of Psychology
- Clinical psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
- Research and therapeutic techniques are integrated.
- It involves assessing, diagnosing, and treating various conditions.
In This Course
- Overviews of main psychological disorders and neurological disorders, including comorbidities.
- Discusses the biological, psychological, and social perspectives of the causes of psychological disorders.
- Introduces different therapy types, such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Psychodynamic therapy.
- Analyses the path to the current understanding of clinical psychology.
- Examines current pressing issues in the field.
Biological (Somatogenesis)
- Genetic risk factors contribute to disorders like autism, bipolar disorder, and psychosis.
- Brain anomalies may play a role in development and disorder.
- Illness and injury can also be causal factors.
Psychological Reaction (Psychogenesis)
- Cognitive distortions influence a person's perception of events.
- Developmental factors, early experiences, stress, and major stress (PTSD) are important.
Social Factors
- Multiple indices of deprivation affect an individual.
- Social and societal determinants are causal factors.
- Societal and existential factors are also critical areas of consideration.
Activity (10 Minutes)
- Students are encouraged to discuss with their neighbours the topic they find most interesting in the module.
History of Clinical Psychology
- Early periods of pre-history, from about 20,000 BC, used animism to explain behaviors as possession by demons or spirits.
- Treatments at this time included exorcism, trepanning, and ostracism.
- The Greek and Roman periods considered emotional distress as a manifestation of natural biological causes and imbalances.
- Categories of distress were identified through observation of behavior patterns, leading to treatments focusing on balance of body fluids (humors).
"Dark Ages" & Medieval Era
- There was little development in understanding and treating mental health from the end of the Greco-Roman period to the Medieval era.
- Belief in demonology and considering behavior as a result of possession, with treatments including prayers and relics.
Renaissance and Elizabethan Period
- There was some evolving thought into the possible emotional distress cause by external events.
- Shakespeare's plays demonstrated some recognition of the impact of events on emotional distress.
Towards Enlightenment: Humanitarianism and Social Revolution
- John Locke emphasised experience and reasoning (in mental illness) in the UK.
- Quaker movements proposed reforms for treating the vulnerable and individuals with mental distress.
- Pinel developed views that mental distress, with appropriate support, and humane treatment, were possible for individuals.
Industrial Revolution
- Asylums were used for the rich during the 17th and 18th centuries as means of housing those with perceived mental health issues.
- Methods and treatments were not scientifically validated.
Into the Victorian Era
- Societal exclusion for individuals with mental illness and disabilities increased during the Victorian era
- Some of the reasons included the Eugenic movement, leading to discrimination as people with mental or developmental concerns were excluded and seen as "unfit".
Into the 20th Century
- "Eugenics" influenced the rise of fascism in western countries.
- The period of 1920-1976 involved segregated colonies and forced sterilisation, impacting people with learning disabilities.
Advances in Understanding Mental Health
- A Biological Approach (Kraepelin); chemical imbalances in metabolism were proposed to be causes.
- Established classifications of mental illnesses based on medical knowledge instead of social prejudice.
- Considered patterns of symptoms, illness trajectories, and prognoses, examining the effects over time.
- Syphilis resulted in some cases of brain damage and the possibility of treatment when caught early.
- A Psychological Approach (Charcot), studies of physical symptoms (hysteria) without clear medical cause helped to establish connections between mind and body.
- Importance of repressed memories discovered as a result of discussion with patients through techniques like hypnosis and psychoanalysis.
- A Socio-behavioural approach (Watson), demonstrated the conditioning of phobias; the "Little Albert" experiment illustrated the development of a fear response from paired responses.
- This established classical conditioning and the basis for behaviorism, with later considerations about the causes learned behaviors or phobias within the wider social context.
Towards Current Era
- Acceptance of human rights and social justice following World War II.
- Re-establishment of civil rights movements (e.g., in the USA) and diagnostic criteria/treatment methods reflecting bio-medical, psychological, and social factors.
Technology-Driven Interventions
- Telehealth expansions, such as online therapy, and digital tools like mental health apps increase access to mental health care.
- VR (virtual reality) and AI (artificial intelligence) are used for mental health interventions, diagnosis, and patient monitoring.
Modern Approaches for Trauma
- This approach considers current understanding of trauma on the body and how to support those affected.
- Trauma informed approaches, like Somatic Experiencing or Third-Wave therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), are considered helpful to understand the body's response to trauma, as well as managing associated stress and distress, with an emphasis on acceptance and mindfulness methods associated with managing these responses.
- Modern neuroscience through imaging techniques and collaboration with psychiatrists help to inform treatments.
The Role of a Clinical Psychologist Today
- Collaborative team-based care including collaboration with psychiatrists, social workers, general practitioners is recognised as a preferred method.
- Importance of psychologists in primary care settings, like general healthcare, and focusing on mental health elements (e.g., CAMHS services) as crucial for improved care.
- The rise of neurodiversity and autism as assessment and intervention areas.
- Consideration of health psychologists and their focus on the psychological impacts of chronic illnesses, such as cancer and diabetes.
- Focus on preventative mental health and social issues as crucial for addressing mental health.
- Cultural competency and the tailoring/adaptation of therapeutic services.
- Importance of advocacy work to improve access to mental health services.
- Continuous learning, self-care and reflective practice to maintain professional well-being are highlighted.
Summary
- The module introduces clinical psychology, discussing the roles of clinical psychologists and the field's historical development.
- The present state of clinical psychology and advancements to the future of the field are also considered.
Optional Further Reading
- A number of articles and resources have been identified for further study and exploration in more depth. These papers address areas such as advances of immersive virtual reality, efficacy in third-wave psychotherapies and the broader field of mental health.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in clinical psychology, including integrated mental health care, preventative approaches, and social determinants of mental health. Test your knowledge on the various therapies, historical perspectives, and public mental health initiatives that shape the field.
