Clinical Psychology Overview - PSYC 2020
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a psychological disorder, according to the provided text?

  • A condition that is caused by a physical or biological factor.
  • A psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not typical or culturally expected. (correct)
  • A behavior that deviates significantly from the norm.
  • A mental illness that is severe and requires hospitalization.

    • What is the difference between "lifetime prevalence" and "incidence" in the context of mental health?

  • Incidence refers to the number of people who have ever experienced a disorder, while lifetime prevalence refers to the number of new cases in a given year.
  • Incidence refers to the number of people who have ever experienced a disorder, while lifetime prevalence refers to the number of people with a disorder at a given time.
  • Lifetime prevalence refers to the number of people who have ever experienced a disorder, while incidence refers to the number of new cases in a given year. (correct)
  • Lifetime prevalence refers to the number of people who have ever experienced a disorder, while incidence refers to the number of people with a disorder at a given time.

    • Why is diagnosing a psychological disorder beneficial?

  • Diagnosis helps professionals determine the most effective treatment plan and provides individuals with a label that can help them understand their challenges.
  • Diagnosis leads to better understanding of the disorder and offers personalized care plans tailored to the individual's needs.
  • Diagnosis allows individuals to receive proper resources and support, as well as access to specialized treatment options.
  • All of the above. (correct)

    • What is the role of a Clinical Psychologist based on the text?

    <p>Conducting research, diagnosing, and treating mental illnesses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a Clinical Psychologist to stay up-to-date on the latest scientific advancements?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "presenting problem" refers to:

    <p>The specific symptoms or challenges that a person experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of "psychological dysfunction"?

    <p>A deviation from typical functioning that causes distress or impairment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the nature of psychological disorders?

    <p>Mental illness is a spectrum, and symptoms can vary in intensity from mild to severe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the brain's structure, as described?

    <p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The idea that both genetics and life stressors contribute to the development of disorders is called:

    <p>Diathesis-Stress Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the concept of Gene-Environment Correlation, what is the most likely scenario?

    <p>Genetics play a strong role in deciding the environment you are exposed to (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT an example of Learned Helplessness?

    <p>A dog who learns to avoid a particular room after being bitten by a cat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Prepared Learning'?

    <p>We are more likely to learn to fear things that are dangerous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain lobe is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

    <p>Occipital Lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Stroop Colour-Naming Paradigm an example of?

    <p>Implicit Cognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, according to the CBT Triangle?

    <p>Thoughts influence behaviors, and behaviors influence emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered a key element of the CBT Triangle?

    <p>Psychology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of ‘Learned Optimism’?

    <p>A person who maintains a positive attitude despite experiencing a series of setbacks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue can occur when participants in a study choose their own treatment group?

    <p>Self-selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic of a double-blind study?

    <p>Both the participants and researchers are unaware of group assignments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves measuring the dependent variable several times before and after treatment implementation?

    <p>Repeated measure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does a control group serve in experimental research?

    <p>To provide a baseline for comparison against the experimental group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'even if we can find causation, it doesn't necessarily mean we understand the cause' imply?

    <p>Understanding the cause requires more than just establishing a cause-and-effect relationship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the independent variable in research?

    <p>It does the influencing in the research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines internal validity?

    <p>The probability that the independent variable is causing changes in the dependent variable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can randomization impact the validity of a study?

    <p>It helps to prevent confounding variables from distorting data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes statistical significance from clinical significance?

    <p>Clinical significance evaluates whether the effect is meaningful in practical situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects a misconception about correlation?

    <p>Correlation implies a causal relationship between two variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cognitive assessment?

    <p>To assess general cognitive abilities that underlie academic performance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of assessment is primarily focused on understanding a student's performance in school-related tasks?

    <p>Academic assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes structured from semi-structured diagnostic interviews?

    <p>Structured interviews follow a specific format, whereas semi-structured allow for some deviation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of questionnaires in psychological assessment?

    <p>They can assess behaviors and emotions, often through self-report or reports from others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT considered a form of neuropsychological testing?

    <p>Analytical interviews (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common age range for the onset of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

    <p>Late adolescence to early adulthood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Canadians met the criteria for GAD in 2012?

    <p>3% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for Social Anxiety Disorder according to DSM?

    <p>Fear of not receiving support from friends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common pattern is associated with individuals experiencing anxiety?

    <p>Intolerance of uncertainty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the statistic that 50% of those diagnosed with GAD also have symptoms of a major depressive episode?

    <p>GAD and major depression are often comorbid conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PSYC 2020 Notes

    • Historical background of psychology includes research, assessment, and diagnosis of mental health and related disorders. DSM-5-TR is a key reference for mental illness.

    Clinical Psychology

    • Clinical Psychology focuses on researching, diagnosing, and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral issues.
    • Psychological Disorders are associated with distress and impairment in functioning, not considered typical or culturally expected responses.
    • Psychological Dysfunction is a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that can vary in intensity.
    • Diagnosis is important for increased access to support and services.

    Clinical Psychologist Career

    • Clinical Psychologist careers typically include a PhD in Clinical Psychology, or sometimes PsyD; followed by 6-7 years of graduate school, supervised practice.
    • Controlled acts in Clinical Psychology include diagnosis and psychotherapy.
    • Scientist-practitioners in clinical psychology maintain expertise in the field and conduct research.

    Presenting Problems

    • Presenting problems are the ways a diagnosis or challenge is evident in a patient's daily life.
    • Diagnosis is not the only concern. The way the problem manifests in the patient's daily life is important.

    Disorder Statistics

    • Lifetime prevalence is the frequency of a disorder in a population over a lifetime.
    • Incidence refers to the number of new cases within a specific period.
    • Sex ratio is the comparison of males and females experiencing the disorder.

    Section 1: Historical Context of Psychopathology

    • Supernatural Tradition, historically believed that psychological disorders were due to people being possessed.
    • Treatment in the middle ages and before, included rest, sleep, and other natural measures. Some were more invasive and painful.
    • Astrology had influence in the Middle Ages and before—it was believed the position of the stars affected psychological functioning.
    • Biological Tradition, linked functioning to four bodily fluids (humors); Hippocrates suggested that psychological disorders were treatable like other diseases.
    • Treatment in biology tradition included rest, sleep, baths, and other similar therapies.

    Section 2: Freud and Breuer

    • Psychanalytic Model is a model of the mind's structure with three components: id, ego, superego, and defence mechanisms.
    • Defense mechanisms come into play when there is conflict between the id and superego.
    • Psychosexual development is a theory about how conflicts arise from seeking pleasure during the different stages.

    Section 3 - Biopsychosocial Model

    • Emphasizes the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.
    • Bio factors are genetic predispositions and brain structure.
    • Psych factors include thoughts, beliefs and behaviors.
    • Social factors include culture, family and relationships.

    Section 4- Research Basics

    • Hypothesis is an educated guess.
    • Research design specifies how to perform a test of the hypothesis.
    • Independent variable is the factor that influences; Dependent variable is influenced by the other.
    • Validity: the internal validity assesses whether the independent variable is causing the change in the dependent variable. The external validity assesses if findings can be generalized to an outside setting or group.

    Section 5 - Research Basics 2

    • The methods to study genetic influences—different types of research, such as twin, and adoption studies.
    • Genotype is the genetic makeup, and Phenotype is the observable traits and behaviors.

    Section 6- Clinical Assessment

    • Assessment is a systematic evaluation to measure different factors including biological, psychological and social issues.
    • Techniques for gathering information for assessment (e.g. interviews, questionnaires) and evaluating tools for reliability and validity.

    Section 7 - Comprehensive Assessment

    • Cognitive assessment focuses on thinking, problem-solving, and working memory.
    • Academic assessment measures abilities in reading, writing, and math.
    • Diagnostic interviews are used for classifying disorders.
    • Questionnaires and inventories are used in assessment.

    Section 8 - Clinical Diagnosis

    • DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is the reference manual for diagnosis in North America.
    • ICD-11 is the international standard for diagnosis.
    • Screening is the initial process for identifying disorders.

    Section 9 - Anxiety and Panic Disorders

    • Anxiety is a feeling of worry and apprehension about the future, often accompanied by physical symptoms; vs Fear, which is a reaction to immediate danger.
    • Different types of anxiety disorders—generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorders.
    • Etiology—biological and social factors contribute to the development of anxiety disorders.

    Section 10 - Obsessive-Compulsive and Eating Disorders

    • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Intrusive thoughts and compulsions.
    • Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)- preoccupation with perceived or imagined physical flaws.
    • Hoarding disorder - Difficulty discarding possessions.

    Subsection 1: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

    • The different types of obsessions, compulsions and traits—the way they appear in each type of OCD.
    • Diagnosis—DSM criteria and types of OCD.

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    PSYC 2020 Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of Clinical Psychology, including the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. This quiz covers key topics such as psychological dysfunction, the role of clinical psychologists, and the significance of the DSM-5-TR. Test your knowledge on the historical and contemporary aspects of the field.

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