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Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors does not influence the estimation of reliability of information obtained from an informant?
Which of the following factors does not influence the estimation of reliability of information obtained from an informant?
In the context of presenting complaints, which aspect is not part of the initial assessment?
In the context of presenting complaints, which aspect is not part of the initial assessment?
Which area is not typically affected by symptoms according to the presenting complaints section?
Which area is not typically affected by symptoms according to the presenting complaints section?
What type of information does negative history refer to in case history methods?
What type of information does negative history refer to in case history methods?
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Which of the following is not included in personal history assessment?
Which of the following is not included in personal history assessment?
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Which method is NOT considered one of the four important clinical methods?
Which method is NOT considered one of the four important clinical methods?
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What is a key component when taking a case history?
What is a key component when taking a case history?
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Which statement best describes the clinical attitude required in case history taking?
Which statement best describes the clinical attitude required in case history taking?
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What is the purpose of the mental status examination (MSE) in case history taking?
What is the purpose of the mental status examination (MSE) in case history taking?
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Case history taking is one of the research methods used in clinical psychology.
Case history taking is one of the research methods used in clinical psychology.
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The mental status examination is part of the general steps in the case history method.
The mental status examination is part of the general steps in the case history method.
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Assertive listening is an important skill in clinical attitude during case history taking.
Assertive listening is an important skill in clinical attitude during case history taking.
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Clinical observations are classified separately from psychological testing in the methodology of clinical psychology.
Clinical observations are classified separately from psychological testing in the methodology of clinical psychology.
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A socio-demographic record in case history is expected to include the client's medical history.
A socio-demographic record in case history is expected to include the client's medical history.
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Match the following clinical methods with their descriptions:
Match the following clinical methods with their descriptions:
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Match the following components of case history method with their corresponding steps:
Match the following components of case history method with their corresponding steps:
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Match the following aspects of clinical attitude with their definitions:
Match the following aspects of clinical attitude with their definitions:
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Match the following types of research methods in clinical psychology with their characteristics:
Match the following types of research methods in clinical psychology with their characteristics:
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Match the following factors influencing clinical interviews with their descriptions:
Match the following factors influencing clinical interviews with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Methodology in Clinical Psychology
- Methodology is divided into two categories: Research methods and Clinical methods.
- Research methods include survey methods, group designs, single case designs, and experimental designs utilizing statistical procedures.
- Four main clinical methods are case history taking, clinical interview, clinical observation, and psychological assessments.
Case History Method
- Requires a strong theoretical knowledge of psychopathology and involves multiple steps for effective assessment.
- Important steps in case history taking include:
- Recording socio-demographic data (age, education, sex, occupation).
- Estimating the reliability of information based on the informant’s background (age, sex, education, relationship to client).
- Compiling presenting complaints in chronological order, noting onset, duration, severity, and impact on functioning.
Presenting Complaints
- Onset can be sudden or gradual, with careful documentation of the progression of symptoms.
- Medical history should cover any prior health concerns.
- Negative history refers to any absence of relevant issues (e.g., previous mental disorders).
Personal and Family History
- Personal history encompasses birth order, developmental stages, and lifestyle factors (occupational, marital, etc.).
- Family history details parental relationships, sibling information, and overall family dynamics.
Mental Status Examination (MSE)
- Assesses cognitive functions: attention, memory, intelligence, and judgment.
- Insight into the person’s condition is evaluated (present or absent).
Clinical Interviews
- Defined as a procedure to collect client information, with various types including diagnostic, intake, and discharge interviews.
- Factors influencing interviews:
- Communication styles and language.
- Non-verbal cues and socio-cultural backgrounds.
- Establishing empathetic relationships and interview settings.
Types of Questions in Interviews
- Open-ended, leading, directive, and forced-choice questions encourage varied responses for comprehensive evaluation.
Clinical Observation Methods
- Types of observations include objective (overt behaviors), subjective (self-observation), and naturalistic (observation in real-world settings).
Psychological Assessment/Testing
- Involves cognitive function assessments, personality and interpersonal relationship evaluations, diagnostic assessments using standardized tests, and neuropsychological evaluations.
- Behavioral assessments help diagnose behavioral issues.
Factors Influencing Psychological Assessment
- Age, education, occupation, sex, socio-cultural background, and physical impairments can affect assessment outcomes.
Classification of Abnormal Behavior
- Classification involves grouping categories based on shared attributes, with terms like taxonomy and nosology used to describe classification systems.
- Current systems include DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) and ICD (International Classification of Diseases).
Historical Context
- Mental disorders like melancholia and hysteria have been documented since ancient times (Egypt and Sumeria).
- Early classifications in Greece by Hippocrates and Plato based on empirical observation laid groundwork for future developments.
- Emil Kraepelin's framework established a "natural" classification model focusing on causes and symptoms.
Evolution of Psychiatric Classification
- The first U.S. psychiatry classification was created in 1918, eventually evolving into the DSM, with significant milestones like the 1948 WHO publication on disease classification.
- The DSM has undergone several revisions, reflecting advancements in understanding mental disorders and diagnostic criteria.
Methodology in Clinical Psychology
- Methodology comprises research methods and clinical methods.
- Research methods include survey methods, group designs, single case designs, and experimental designs, employing statistical procedures for analysis.
- Clinical methods focus on four key methodologies: case history taking, clinical interviews, clinical observation, and psychological testing/assessments.
Case History Method
- Involves a set clinical attitude with sound theoretical knowledge of psychopathology, assertive listening, building rapport, and non-judgmental openness.
- Steps in case history take into account socio-demographic data, reliability of information, presenting complaints, medical and personal histories, family dynamics, mental status examination, and diagnostic formulation.
Data Collection in Case History
- Socio-demographic data includes age, education, sex, address, socio-economic status, occupation, and religious background.
- Reliability of information is determined by informant's age, sex, education, occupation, personality, health, relationship with the client, duration of acquaintance, and socioeconomic status.
- Presenting complaints must detail the onset, duration, severity, and effects on life functioning.
Medical and Personal Histories
- Record any medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension) in medical history.
- Personal history covers developmental stages, educational background, occupational history, and personal relationships including marital status, sexual history, health, and interests.
Family History
- Family dynamics, structure type (nuclear/joint), parenting history, sibling details, and overall family interaction play a significant role in assessments.
Mental Status Examination (MSE)
- MSE evaluates cognitive functions such as memory, attention, intelligence, reasoning, and judgment, along with the client's insight regarding their condition.
Clinical Interview
- Clinical interviews aim to collect comprehensive information concerning the client.
- Types of interviews range from semi-structured to spontaneous, covering diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
- Stages of the interview include the opening, middle, and final phases.
Classification of Abnormal Behavior
- Three primary approaches: classical (categorical), dimensional, and prototypical.
- Classical approach focuses on specific causes of disorders, while the dimensional approach rates symptoms on a scale.
- Prototypical approach combines key elements of prior methods, representing a gradual trend in disorder classification.
Importance of Classification
- Essential for understanding abnormal behavior, reducing symptom overlap, communication among professionals, addressing legal issues, and formulating appropriate treatments.
- Aides in research and documentation practices.
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders)
- Developed by the American Psychiatric Association, running five revisions, with DSM-IV currently in use.
- Features a multi-axial classification system addressing various mental disorders and health issues.
- Five axes address mental disorders, personality disorders, medical conditions, psychosocial problems, and global functioning assessment.
ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases)
- A WHO-developed classification system for standardizing diagnostics in health.
- First developed in 1893, routinely revised approximately every ten years.
- Consists of multi-axial forms addressing clinical diagnoses, disablement, and contextual factors influencing illness.
Axis II and III in ICD
- Axis II focuses on personal care, occupational functioning, family circumstances, and social behavior.
- Axis III highlights contextual factors that illustrate the patient's living conditions and societal challenges, affecting overall health.
Methodology in Clinical Psychology
- Methodology is divided into Research methods and Clinical methods.
- Research methods involve designs and procedures like surveys, group designs, single case designs, and experimental designs.
- Clinical methods include case history taking, clinical interviews, clinical observation, and psychological testing.
Case History Method
- Clinical attitude is crucial: theoretical knowledge of psychopathology, respectful listening, rapport-building, and self-monitoring skills are essential.
- Steps of case history include recording demographic data, assessing reliability of information, gathering medical and personal history, conducting mental status examinations, and formulating diagnoses.
Clinical Interview
- A clinical interview collects information about clients and their families.
- Types include semi-structured, highly structured, prolonged, brief, and spontaneous interviews.
- Phases include opening, middle, and final phases.
- Interviews can be diagnostic, intake, social history, with informants, consultation, or screening type.
Classification of Abnormal Behavior
- Classification involves categorizing entities based on shared attributes.
- Historical foundations date back to as early as 2600 B.C. with conditions like melancholia and hysteria.
- Early classifications by Hippocrates and Plato were influenced by empirical observation and rationalism.
Classification Systems
- DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) established by the American Psychiatric Association, underwent five revisions since 1952.
- The DSM IV features multi-axial classification covering mental disorders, personality disorders, physical conditions, psychosocial problems, and global functioning.
- ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases) aims to standardize multi-axial formulations, originally traced to 18th-century taxonomic work by Carolus Linnaeus.
Need for Classification
- Essential for scientific understanding of abnormal behavior, communication among professionals, legal purposes, and treatment planning.
- Classification reduces confusion and overlaps in symptoms, encouraging systematic research and documentation.
Approaches in Classification
- Classical or categorical: Diagnosis based on clear underlying causes; problematic for psychological conditions.
- Dimensional: Quantifies a spectrum of symptoms on a scale; varying theories exist regarding required dimensions.
- Prototypical: Combines essential and non-essential features of disorders; reflected in DSM classifications.
DSM and ICD Details
- DSM consists of five axes, addressing various mental and physical health aspects, with gradation of condition severity and functioning.
- ICD has three axes focusing on clinical diagnosis, disablement, and contextual factors affecting illness.
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Description
Explore the foundational methodologies in clinical psychology, including case history taking, clinical interviews, and psychological assessments. This quiz covers various types of interviews and assessment factors that influence the diagnosing of abnormal behavior.
