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Questions and Answers
Which drug led to the development of a new indication for hair growth due to its adverse effect?
Which drug led to the development of a new indication for hair growth due to its adverse effect?
What defines intolerance in the context of drug administration?
What defines intolerance in the context of drug administration?
What is the term for the adverse consequences resulting from suddenly stopping certain medications?
What is the term for the adverse consequences resulting from suddenly stopping certain medications?
Which stage of fetal development is most susceptible to teratogenic effects from drugs?
Which stage of fetal development is most susceptible to teratogenic effects from drugs?
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What is the primary characteristic of a drug that is classified as a carcinogen?
What is the primary characteristic of a drug that is classified as a carcinogen?
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Which of the following describes mutagenicity?
Which of the following describes mutagenicity?
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What type of adverse effect may occur due to overdose or prolonged use of a drug?
What type of adverse effect may occur due to overdose or prolonged use of a drug?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized consequence of teratogenicity?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized consequence of teratogenicity?
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What drug initially developed for antianginal use showed effectiveness in treating erectile dysfunction?
What drug initially developed for antianginal use showed effectiveness in treating erectile dysfunction?
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What term describes the response of the body experiencing significant adverse effects from normal drug doses?
What term describes the response of the body experiencing significant adverse effects from normal drug doses?
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What process describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in the body?
What process describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in the body?
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Which factor is NOT identified as affecting drug absorption?
Which factor is NOT identified as affecting drug absorption?
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Which of the following statements about drug distribution is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about drug distribution is incorrect?
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Where is the primary site of drug metabolism in the body?
Where is the primary site of drug metabolism in the body?
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In which type of patient condition should pharmacokinetics be particularly monitored due to potential alteration in drug elimination?
In which type of patient condition should pharmacokinetics be particularly monitored due to potential alteration in drug elimination?
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What defines the therapeutic effect of a drug?
What defines the therapeutic effect of a drug?
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What is the role of albumin in drug distribution?
What is the role of albumin in drug distribution?
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Which of the following statements about pharmacodynamics is true?
Which of the following statements about pharmacodynamics is true?
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What distinguishes an adverse drug reaction from a side effect?
What distinguishes an adverse drug reaction from a side effect?
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Which of the following mechanisms does NOT enhance drug elimination?
Which of the following mechanisms does NOT enhance drug elimination?
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Study Notes
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
- The movement of drugs within the human body or biological systems.
- ADME : absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of medications
Absorption
- Getting medications into the patient’s body depends on:
- Drug characteristics like molecular weight, solubility, and formulation.
- Patient factors like the route of administration, gastric or stomach pH, and contents of the GI tract.
Distribution
- Factors affecting distribution include:
- Membrane permeability: Drugs must cross membranes to reach their site of action.
- Plasma protein binding: Bound drugs cannot cross membranes.
- Malnutrition leads to low plasma protein (specifically albumin), resulting in more free drug available and potentially higher side effects.
Metabolism
- The body breaks down drugs into less active forms to eliminate them.
- Metabolism mainly takes place in the liver, but can also happen in the lungs.
- The liver can convert prodrugs (inactive forms) into their active state.
Elimination
- Methods of drug elimination include:
- Pulmonary: Exhaled in the air
- Bile: Excreted in faeces
- Renal (kidneys): Excreted through urine
Special Patient Populations in Pharmacokinetics
- Renal Disease or Kidney disease
- Hepatic Disease or Liver disease
Pharmacodynamics
- The study of how drugs interact with the body to produce effects.
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Mechanism of drug action:
- Drug-receptor interaction
- Efficacy: How well the drug works
- Safety or side effects profile
- "What the drug does to the body" at the cellular and general level.
Drug Effects
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Therapeutic Effect: The desired intended effect from a drug.
- Examples: Lowering blood pressure, pain relief, blood glucose level control
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Side Effect/Adverse Drug Reaction: Unwanted but often unavoidable effects that occur at therapeutic doses.
- Example: Promethazine (Phenergan) causes sedation.
- Sometimes side effects are exploited to develop new drug indications.
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Drug discovery examples:
- Minoxidil, originally for hypertension, was later used for hair growth due to unwanted hair growth during treatment.
- Sildenafil (Viagra) was initially developed as an antianginal, but its effects on erectile dysfunction led to a new indication.
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Toxic Effect: Result of excessive drug action due to overdosage or prolonged use.
- Overdosage can be accidental, homicidal, or suicidal.
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Intolerance: Appearance of characteristic toxic effects at therapeutic doses.
- Indicates a low threshold of the individual
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Drug Withdrawal Reactions: Adverse consequences due to sudden interruption of therapy.
- Examples: Worsening of immune status with corticosteroid withdrawal, worsening of angina with β-blocker withdrawal.
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Teratogenicity/Teratogenic Effect: Capacity of a drug to cause foetal abnormalities during pregnancy.
- Drugs can affect the fetus at different stages of pregnancy.
- Examples: Thalidomide causes Phocomelia (limb malformations), anticancer drugs can cause cleft palate and hydrocephalus.
- Mutagenecity or Mutagenic Effects: Capacity of a drug to cause genetic defects
- Carcinogenicity/Carcinogenic Effect: Any agent that promotes the development of cancer.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of clinical pharmacokinetics, including the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs within the body. This quiz will test your understanding of how various factors influence drug behavior and effectiveness. Ideal for students in pharmacology or clinical sciences.
