Clinical Neuroscience Course Quiz

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which structure is typically associated with the term 'rostral' in the brain?

  • Caudal cerebellum
  • Posterior cerebral cortex
  • Anterior frontal lobe (correct)
  • Inferior temporal lobe

CT scans are most useful for analyzing blood flow and vascular structures.

False (B)

What is the typical Hounsfield unit range for brain matter in a CT scan?

35

In contrast-enhanced CT, iodine is injected into the ______ artery.

<p>femoral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the imaging techniques with their primary clinical use:

<p>CT scan = Head trauma, tumors, and hemorrhage MRI = Cerebrovascular accident, tumors, neurodegenerative disease CT myelography = Spinal canal imaging Contrast-enhanced CT = Enhanced visualization of blood vessels and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which online platform is used for the Clinical Neuroscience course?

<p>Moodle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cumulative final exam is administered in this course.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main divisions of the nervous system.

<p>Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and ______.

<p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following imaging techniques provides an anatomical view of the brain?

<p>CT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Remediation is available for all module exams in this course.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the module with its primary focus:

<p>Neurobiology = Neurophysiology and Development Neuroanatomy = Regional neuroanatomy and pathways Systems Neuroscience I = Sensory neurobiology, pathways Systems Neuroscience II = Motor and integrative neurobiology, pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a functional neuroimaging technique?

<p>f-MRI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of imaging is best for achieving highest resolution?

<p>T1 imaging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

T1 relaxation refers to horizontal spin relaxation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is studied for language processing using fMRI?

<p>Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fMRI, oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin differ ______.

<p>magnetically</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following imaging methods with their primary characteristics or functions:

<p>fMRI = Studies areas of brain active during sensory or motor tasks PET = Involves introducing radioactively tagged substances T1 imaging = Best resolution T2 imaging = Best contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of scan revealed abnormal signals in the peri-ventricular white matter suggestive of multiple sclerosis?

<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by de-myelination in the central nervous system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptom did the patient experience two years after an uneventful pregnancy?

<p>Abrupt loss of vision in her right eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

The white matter contains multiple areas of gray, gelatinous discoloration called ______.

<p>plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom did the patient develop at age 34 that was most noticeable when attempting to pick things up?

<p>Tremor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The patient was fully ambulatory a year after the initial episode.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>De-myelination = Loss of the myelin sheath on neurons Diplopia = Double vision Dysarthria = Difficulty speaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stains are used to examine the chronic MS plaque in high power images?

<p>Luxol fast blue and Sevier-Munger stains</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique uses greater diversity of isotopes for studying specific events but has less spatial resolution compared to the other?

<p>SPECT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axon hillock is known as the spike initiation zone.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of ionotropic receptors based on the content?

<p>Ion channels and metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___ are responsible for the transport of organelles and neurotransmitters within the neuron.

<p>microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neuronal structures with their functions:

<p>Soma = Genetic control center with DNA Axon terminal = Synaptic bouton with neurotransmitters Myelin sheath = Insulates axons to enhance signal transmission Dendritic arbor = Receives synaptic inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in vesicular protein synthesis?

<p>Rough ER (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pseudo-unipolar neurons have a single axon branching into two distinct paths.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of dendrites found in neurons' functional morphology.

<p>Apical and basal dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of neurotransmitter synthesis predominantly occurs in the neuron's ____.

<p>soma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each ion channel type with its characteristic:

<p>Non-gated ion channel = Allows ions to flow freely Sodium potassium pump = Maintains ion concentration gradients Calcium pump = Transports calcium ions against the concentration gradient Gated ion channel = Opens or closes in response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is involved in axonal anterograde transport?

<p>Kinesin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Astrocytes are responsible for the production of myelin in the central nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What glial cell type is most numerous in the central nervous system?

<p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the peripheral nervous system, _____ cells are responsible for myelination.

<p>Schwaan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are a type of resident tissue phagocyte in the central nervous system?

<p>Microglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blood-brain barrier contributes to the modulation of neuronal activity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the interruptions in glial cell membranes called, where Na and K channels are located?

<p>Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following glial cell types with their primary functions:

<p>Oligodendrocytes = Central myelination Astrocytes = Modulation of neuronal activity Microglia = Phagocytosis Schwaan cells = Peripheral myelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and sending signals throughout the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The network of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body, responsible for transmitting sensory information and motor commands.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A method of visualizing brain structures using magnetic fields and radio waves, providing detailed anatomical images.

Computed Tomography (CT)

A method of visualizing brain structures using X-rays, providing detailed anatomical images.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A method of measuring brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, providing functional images.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Functional imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, providing functional images.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurons

Specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit signals throughout the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glial cells

Support cells in the nervous system that provide structural support, insulation and nutrients to neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spinal Nerves

Nerves that transmit information between the brain and spinal cord and the body's muscles, glands, and organs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomic Nerves

Nerves that control involuntary bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan

A medical imaging technique using X-rays to create detailed images of the inside of the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Contrast Enhancement CT

A type of MRI that uses a contrast agent (usually iodine) to enhance the visibility of blood vessels and other tissues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

T2 - Relaxation Time

The time it takes for a tissue's magnetization to decay to 37% of its maximum value after a radiofrequency pulse, measured in milliseconds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

T1 - Relaxation Time

The time it takes for a tissue's magnetization to recover to 63% of its equilibrium value after a radiofrequency pulse, measured in milliseconds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

BOLD fMRI

A type of MRI that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. Increased blood flow in a region results in more oxyhemoglobin, which has different magnetic properties than deoxyhemoglobin, leading to a change in signal intensity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

T1-weighted MRI

A type of MRI that provides detailed anatomical images of the brain, known for its high resolution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasma membrane

The outermost layer of a neuron, responsible for electrical signaling and communication.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dendritic arbor

Branch-like structures extending from the neuron's cell body, receiving signals from other neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dendritic spines

Small, bulb-like structures at the ends of dendrites that increase surface area for receiving signals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Axon hillock

The area where the neuron's cell body meets the axon, responsible for generating action potentials.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Axon

The long, slender projection of a neuron that carries signals away from the cell body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Axonal terminal

Specialized structures at the end of axons that release neurotransmitters into the synapse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Synaptic boutons

Small, bulb-like structures within the axonal terminals that store and release neurotransmitters.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sodium-potassium pump

A type of protein pump found in the plasma membrane that actively moves sodium ions out and potassium ions into the neuron, maintaining the electrochemical gradient.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ion channels

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that allow ions to move across the membrane, either passively or in response to a specific stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anterograde axonal transport

A type of neuronal transport that moves molecules from the cell body to the axon terminal, primarily along microtubules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurofilaments

Structural elements of the cytoskeleton that provide structural support and aid in transport.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Axonal anterograde transport

Transport of molecules towards the neuron's terminal, from the cell body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microglia

Specialized cells in the brain that act as the immune system, cleaning up debris and responding to damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Astrocyte end feet

The process by which astrocytes promote the formation of blood brain barrier

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gliosis

The reactive proliferation of glial cells in response to injury or disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peripheral myelination

The formation of myelin around axons by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Sclerosis

A neurological disease that results in progressive damage of the myelin sheath, leading to neurological symptoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central myelination

The process of myelinating axons by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A neurological disorder where the immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This damage disrupts the nerve signals, leading to a range of symptoms like weakness, numbness, vision problems, and difficulties with coordination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plaques in MS

Areas of demyelination or damage to the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord, characteristic of multiple sclerosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Demyelination

The process of losing myelin, the protective sheath around nerve fibers, which can occur in multiple sclerosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MRI in MS

A diagnostic imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and other tissues. In MS, MRI reveals areas of abnormal signal, consistent with plaques.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peri-ventricular White Matter

The white matter in the brain, which contains nerve fibers and myelin sheaths. In MS, plaques are often found in the peri-ventricular white matter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Loss of Vibratory and Position Sense

A symptom of multiple sclerosis characterized by the loss of sensation of vibration and position, typically affecting the legs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tremor in MS

A symptom of multiple sclerosis characterized by a tremor, especially when attempting to perform fine motor tasks like picking up objects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dysarthria in MS

A symptom of multiple sclerosis involving difficulty speaking clearly, also known as dysphonia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Lecture 011425

  • Course Description covers Lectures, Objectives, Exams and Grading, and the Moodle website.
  • Divisions and Orientation discusses the CNS and PNS, and planes of section.
  • Imaging includes anatomical views (MRI, CT) and functional views (PET, f-MRI).
  • Cells of the Nervous System include neurons and glial cells, with a case study on Multiple Sclerosis.

Course Information

  • Moodle is used for course listings, lectures, and labs (BIOL 4460/5560 01/PT 5502, OT 5502 01 02: Clinical Neuroscience, BIOL 4415L/5515L Human Neurobiology Lab).
  • Syllabus, course description, links to recorded lectures are in “General”.
  • News Forum (Announcements) has messages about posts and events.
  • Weekly posts include PowerPoint presentations in PDF format, posted prior to class.
  • Objectives for each module are goals, presented as an interactive study guide with vocabulary and concepts.
  • Labs include Objectives and Atlas Images for dissection, serving as supplementary material.
  • Reading quizzes include 10 total, 50 points each, done on Moodle, open-book, and due by class time.
  • Missed quizzes can be submitted as a student-generated quiz for 50% credit during the module.

Examinations

  • One exam per module, 100 points each.
  • No cumulative final exam.
  • Remediation opportunity for Exam ONE only, up to 75%.

Course Description (Modules)

  • Neurobiology: Neurophysiology and Development
  • Neuroanatomy: Regional neuroanatomy and pathways
  • Systems Neuroscience I: Sensory neurobiology, pathways
  • Systems Neuroscience II: Motor and integrative neurobiology, pathways

Emphases

  • Mechanisms
  • Pathways
  • Pathology
  • Case Studies

Basic Divisions of Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System: cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla, spinal cord.
  • "Brainstem" comprises the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
  • Peripheral Nervous System: spinal nerves, autonomic nerves.

Planes of Section

  • Sagittal: midline, longitudinal axis (separates left and right)
  • Axial: horizontal (separates top and bottom)
  • Coronal: perpendicular to the long axis (separates front and back)

Neural Imaging

  • Computerized Tomography (CT) Scans: X-ray beam rotates around patient to create multiple layers. Differing densities of tissues (air, blood, bone, brain) are visualized. Images are used in cases of head trauma, tumors, and hemorrhage.
  • CT Myelography: uses CT scans with contrast dye.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses radio waves, strong magnetic fields, which allow visualization of tissues based on different relaxation rates (T1, T2). Useful for cerebrovascular accidents, tumors, and neurodegenerative conditions.

BOLD Functional MRI

  • Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI: measures brain activity indirectly. More oxygenated blood flows to areas of higher brain activity.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

  • Radioactive substances are injected to visualize activity in the brain based on metabolic rates and blood flow via detecting gamma rays.

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

  • Greater variety of isotopes is used to detect certain events but with less spatial resolution.

Neurons

  • Input Zone: apical and basal dendrites, soma (cell body)
  • Trigger Zone: axon hillock, initial segment
  • Propagation Zone: axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier
  • Output Zone: axon terminal, synaptic boutons

Types of Neurons

  • Unipolar (pseudo-unipolar)
  • Bipolar
  • Multipolar (pyramidal, Purkinje, stellate, granule)

Neuronal Organelles

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Nucleus
  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER and Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria

Neurophysiology - Module I

  • Plasma membrane
  • Dendritic arbor and spines
  • Axon hillock and (myelinated) cable
  • Axonal terminal and synaptic boutons
  • Protein pumps
  • Ion channels
  • Synaptic proteins
  • Receptor proteins

Neuronal Transport

  • Nucleus codes for messenger RNA.
  • Rough ER ribosomal synthesis of protein.
  • Smooth ER/Golgi modification and packaging.
  • Microtubules and Neurofilaments - cellular transport.

Neurofilaments and Microtubules

  • Neurofilaments: architectural cytoskeleton, intermediate 10nm filaments.
  • Microtubules: scaffold cytoskeleton, axonal transport, cell division, a/b tubulin polymers.

Axonal Trafficking

  • Microtubule based anterograde/retrograde transport (motor proteins kinesin, dynein)

Glial Cells

  • Microglia (resident tissue phagocytes)
  • Macroglia: CNS (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes), PNS (Schwann cells)
  • Gliosis: reactive proliferation and glial cell tumors

Glial Cell Functions

  • Astrocytes: uptake of extra-cellular potassium, uptake of released neurotransmitters, contribute to blood brain barrier, modulate neuronal activity.
  • Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells: produce myelin; framework for neuronal migration during development.

Astrocytes

  • Most numerous glial cells.
  • End feet induce blood brain barrier in endothelial junctions.
  • Important in K+ and neurotransmitter uptake.

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

  • Central myelination - oligodendrocyte
  • Peripheral myelination - Schwann cell

Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis

  • Symptoms: weakness, numbness, tingling in the left leg, loss of vibratory and position sense in legs, loss of vision, tremor, dysarthria, double vision.
  • MRI scan reveals abnormal signal in the peri-ventricular white matter, within the spinal cord.
  • Plaques in white matter indicate demyelination.
  • Chronic MS is indicated through multiple sclerosis plaques in the image.
  • The images show the lesions in CNS, indicated by arrows and tracts.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Lecture 011425 PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser