Clinical Neuroscience Course Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which structure is typically associated with the term 'rostral' in the brain?

  • Caudal cerebellum
  • Posterior cerebral cortex
  • Anterior frontal lobe (correct)
  • Inferior temporal lobe

    • CT scans are most useful for analyzing blood flow and vascular structures.

    False

    What is the typical Hounsfield unit range for brain matter in a CT scan?

    35

    In contrast-enhanced CT, iodine is injected into the ______ artery.

    <p>femoral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the imaging techniques with their primary clinical use:

    <p>CT scan = Head trauma, tumors, and hemorrhage MRI = Cerebrovascular accident, tumors, neurodegenerative disease CT myelography = Spinal canal imaging Contrast-enhanced CT = Enhanced visualization of blood vessels and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which online platform is used for the Clinical Neuroscience course?

    <p>Moodle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cumulative final exam is administered in this course.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main divisions of the nervous system.

    <p>Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and ______.

    <p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following imaging techniques provides an anatomical view of the brain?

    <p>CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Remediation is available for all module exams in this course.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the module with its primary focus:

    <p>Neurobiology = Neurophysiology and Development Neuroanatomy = Regional neuroanatomy and pathways Systems Neuroscience I = Sensory neurobiology, pathways Systems Neuroscience II = Motor and integrative neurobiology, pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a functional neuroimaging technique?

    <p>f-MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of imaging is best for achieving highest resolution?

    <p>T1 imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T1 relaxation refers to horizontal spin relaxation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is studied for language processing using fMRI?

    <p>Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fMRI, oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin differ ______.

    <p>magnetically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following imaging methods with their primary characteristics or functions:

    <p>fMRI = Studies areas of brain active during sensory or motor tasks PET = Involves introducing radioactively tagged substances T1 imaging = Best resolution T2 imaging = Best contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scan revealed abnormal signals in the peri-ventricular white matter suggestive of multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple sclerosis is characterized by de-myelination in the central nervous system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symptom did the patient experience two years after an uneventful pregnancy?

    <p>Abrupt loss of vision in her right eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The white matter contains multiple areas of gray, gelatinous discoloration called ______.

    <p>plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom did the patient develop at age 34 that was most noticeable when attempting to pick things up?

    <p>Tremor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patient was fully ambulatory a year after the initial episode.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>De-myelination = Loss of the myelin sheath on neurons Diplopia = Double vision Dysarthria = Difficulty speaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stains are used to examine the chronic MS plaque in high power images?

    <p>Luxol fast blue and Sevier-Munger stains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique uses greater diversity of isotopes for studying specific events but has less spatial resolution compared to the other?

    <p>SPECT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axon hillock is known as the spike initiation zone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of ionotropic receptors based on the content?

    <p>Ion channels and metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___ are responsible for the transport of organelles and neurotransmitters within the neuron.

    <p>microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neuronal structures with their functions:

    <p>Soma = Genetic control center with DNA Axon terminal = Synaptic bouton with neurotransmitters Myelin sheath = Insulates axons to enhance signal transmission Dendritic arbor = Receives synaptic inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily involved in vesicular protein synthesis?

    <p>Rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudo-unipolar neurons have a single axon branching into two distinct paths.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two types of dendrites found in neurons' functional morphology.

    <p>Apical and basal dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of neurotransmitter synthesis predominantly occurs in the neuron's ____.

    <p>soma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each ion channel type with its characteristic:

    <p>Non-gated ion channel = Allows ions to flow freely Sodium potassium pump = Maintains ion concentration gradients Calcium pump = Transports calcium ions against the concentration gradient Gated ion channel = Opens or closes in response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in axonal anterograde transport?

    <p>Kinesin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Astrocytes are responsible for the production of myelin in the central nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What glial cell type is most numerous in the central nervous system?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the peripheral nervous system, _____ cells are responsible for myelination.

    <p>Schwaan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are a type of resident tissue phagocyte in the central nervous system?

    <p>Microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood-brain barrier contributes to the modulation of neuronal activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the interruptions in glial cell membranes called, where Na and K channels are located?

    <p>Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glial cell types with their primary functions:

    <p>Oligodendrocytes = Central myelination Astrocytes = Modulation of neuronal activity Microglia = Phagocytosis Schwaan cells = Peripheral myelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 011425

    • Course Description covers Lectures, Objectives, Exams and Grading, and the Moodle website.
    • Divisions and Orientation discusses the CNS and PNS, and planes of section.
    • Imaging includes anatomical views (MRI, CT) and functional views (PET, f-MRI).
    • Cells of the Nervous System include neurons and glial cells, with a case study on Multiple Sclerosis.

    Course Information

    • Moodle is used for course listings, lectures, and labs (BIOL 4460/5560 01/PT 5502, OT 5502 01 02: Clinical Neuroscience, BIOL 4415L/5515L Human Neurobiology Lab).
    • Syllabus, course description, links to recorded lectures are in “General”.
    • News Forum (Announcements) has messages about posts and events.
    • Weekly posts include PowerPoint presentations in PDF format, posted prior to class.
    • Objectives for each module are goals, presented as an interactive study guide with vocabulary and concepts.
    • Labs include Objectives and Atlas Images for dissection, serving as supplementary material.
    • Reading quizzes include 10 total, 50 points each, done on Moodle, open-book, and due by class time.
    • Missed quizzes can be submitted as a student-generated quiz for 50% credit during the module.

    Examinations

    • One exam per module, 100 points each.
    • No cumulative final exam.
    • Remediation opportunity for Exam ONE only, up to 75%.

    Course Description (Modules)

    • Neurobiology: Neurophysiology and Development
    • Neuroanatomy: Regional neuroanatomy and pathways
    • Systems Neuroscience I: Sensory neurobiology, pathways
    • Systems Neuroscience II: Motor and integrative neurobiology, pathways

    Emphases

    • Mechanisms
    • Pathways
    • Pathology
    • Case Studies

    Basic Divisions of Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System: cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, medulla, spinal cord.
    • "Brainstem" comprises the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
    • Peripheral Nervous System: spinal nerves, autonomic nerves.

    Planes of Section

    • Sagittal: midline, longitudinal axis (separates left and right)
    • Axial: horizontal (separates top and bottom)
    • Coronal: perpendicular to the long axis (separates front and back)

    Neural Imaging

    • Computerized Tomography (CT) Scans: X-ray beam rotates around patient to create multiple layers. Differing densities of tissues (air, blood, bone, brain) are visualized. Images are used in cases of head trauma, tumors, and hemorrhage.
    • CT Myelography: uses CT scans with contrast dye.
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses radio waves, strong magnetic fields, which allow visualization of tissues based on different relaxation rates (T1, T2). Useful for cerebrovascular accidents, tumors, and neurodegenerative conditions.

    BOLD Functional MRI

    • Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI: measures brain activity indirectly. More oxygenated blood flows to areas of higher brain activity.

    Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

    • Radioactive substances are injected to visualize activity in the brain based on metabolic rates and blood flow via detecting gamma rays.

    Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

    • Greater variety of isotopes is used to detect certain events but with less spatial resolution.

    Neurons

    • Input Zone: apical and basal dendrites, soma (cell body)
    • Trigger Zone: axon hillock, initial segment
    • Propagation Zone: axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier
    • Output Zone: axon terminal, synaptic boutons

    Types of Neurons

    • Unipolar (pseudo-unipolar)
    • Bipolar
    • Multipolar (pyramidal, Purkinje, stellate, granule)

    Neuronal Organelles

    • Plasma membrane
    • Cytoskeleton
    • Nucleus
    • Rough ER
    • Smooth ER and Golgi apparatus
    • Mitochondria

    Neurophysiology - Module I

    • Plasma membrane
    • Dendritic arbor and spines
    • Axon hillock and (myelinated) cable
    • Axonal terminal and synaptic boutons
    • Protein pumps
    • Ion channels
    • Synaptic proteins
    • Receptor proteins

    Neuronal Transport

    • Nucleus codes for messenger RNA.
    • Rough ER ribosomal synthesis of protein.
    • Smooth ER/Golgi modification and packaging.
    • Microtubules and Neurofilaments - cellular transport.

    Neurofilaments and Microtubules

    • Neurofilaments: architectural cytoskeleton, intermediate 10nm filaments.
    • Microtubules: scaffold cytoskeleton, axonal transport, cell division, a/b tubulin polymers.

    Axonal Trafficking

    • Microtubule based anterograde/retrograde transport (motor proteins kinesin, dynein)

    Glial Cells

    • Microglia (resident tissue phagocytes)
    • Macroglia: CNS (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes), PNS (Schwann cells)
    • Gliosis: reactive proliferation and glial cell tumors

    Glial Cell Functions

    • Astrocytes: uptake of extra-cellular potassium, uptake of released neurotransmitters, contribute to blood brain barrier, modulate neuronal activity.
    • Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells: produce myelin; framework for neuronal migration during development.

    Astrocytes

    • Most numerous glial cells.
    • End feet induce blood brain barrier in endothelial junctions.
    • Important in K+ and neurotransmitter uptake.

    Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

    • Central myelination - oligodendrocyte
    • Peripheral myelination - Schwann cell

    Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis

    • Symptoms: weakness, numbness, tingling in the left leg, loss of vibratory and position sense in legs, loss of vision, tremor, dysarthria, double vision.
    • MRI scan reveals abnormal signal in the peri-ventricular white matter, within the spinal cord.
    • Plaques in white matter indicate demyelination.
    • Chronic MS is indicated through multiple sclerosis plaques in the image.
    • The images show the lesions in CNS, indicated by arrows and tracts.

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    Lecture 011425 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key concepts of clinical neuroscience with this comprehensive quiz. Topics include brain anatomy, imaging techniques, and the nervous system. Perfect for students preparing for a cumulative final exam in the course.

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