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Questions and Answers
What is the hallmark sign of an anthrax infection?
What is the hallmark sign of an anthrax infection?
- Skin rash
- Painless chancre
- Black eschar (correct)
- Fever
Which organism is the causative agent of syphilis?
Which organism is the causative agent of syphilis?
- Treponema pallidum (correct)
- Escherichia coli
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Bacillus Anthracis
What best describes the relationship of commensalism between a microbe and a human host?
What best describes the relationship of commensalism between a microbe and a human host?
- Both parties are harmed
- One party benefits and the other is not affected (correct)
- Both parties benefit
- One party benefits and the other is harmed
What is true about opportunistic pathogens compared to primary pathogens?
What is true about opportunistic pathogens compared to primary pathogens?
What do ID50 and LD50 represent in infectious diseases?
What do ID50 and LD50 represent in infectious diseases?
Which type of infectious disease is characterized by rapid onset and short duration?
Which type of infectious disease is characterized by rapid onset and short duration?
What is the definition of sequelae in the context of infectious diseases?
What is the definition of sequelae in the context of infectious diseases?
Which phase of an acute infectious disease occurs immediately after the incubation phase?
Which phase of an acute infectious disease occurs immediately after the incubation phase?
What is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB)?
What is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB)?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with tuberculosis?
Which symptom is most commonly associated with tuberculosis?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of Koch's postulates?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of Koch's postulates?
In the context of microbes, which classification do archaea belong to?
In the context of microbes, which classification do archaea belong to?
Which scientist is known for disproving the spontaneous generation theory using a swan-necked flask?
Which scientist is known for disproving the spontaneous generation theory using a swan-necked flask?
What is the hallmark sign of cutaneous anthrax?
What is the hallmark sign of cutaneous anthrax?
Which scientist is credited with the discovery that led to the endosymbiosis theory?
Which scientist is credited with the discovery that led to the endosymbiosis theory?
What is the main role of the TB skin test?
What is the main role of the TB skin test?
What is the term used to describe the death rate of a disease?
What is the term used to describe the death rate of a disease?
Which of the following represents an indirect mode of transmission of acute infectious diseases?
Which of the following represents an indirect mode of transmission of acute infectious diseases?
What is defined as a disease occurring within a community at a fast spread rate?
What is defined as a disease occurring within a community at a fast spread rate?
What is the primary vector for the bubonic plague?
What is the primary vector for the bubonic plague?
Which portal of exit or entry of infection does NOT include the respiratory route?
Which portal of exit or entry of infection does NOT include the respiratory route?
Which biosafety level requires the use of a suit with a different oxygen supply?
Which biosafety level requires the use of a suit with a different oxygen supply?
Which factor is least likely to affect a host's susceptibility to infection?
Which factor is least likely to affect a host's susceptibility to infection?
What is the causative agent of botulism?
What is the causative agent of botulism?
What is the main structural component of the bacterial cell wall?
What is the main structural component of the bacterial cell wall?
Which mechanism of transport across the bacterial cell membrane requires the use of ATP?
Which mechanism of transport across the bacterial cell membrane requires the use of ATP?
How many layers of peptidoglycan are typically found in gram-positive bacteria?
How many layers of peptidoglycan are typically found in gram-positive bacteria?
Which microscope technique highlights the surrounding area in light while leaving the subject dark?
Which microscope technique highlights the surrounding area in light while leaving the subject dark?
Which of these structures allows bacterial cells to adhere to surfaces?
Which of these structures allows bacterial cells to adhere to surfaces?
What type of bacterial division occurs by binary fission?
What type of bacterial division occurs by binary fission?
What is the characteristic appearance of Gram-negative bacteria when stained?
What is the characteristic appearance of Gram-negative bacteria when stained?
What is the role of mycolic acid in acid-fast bacteria?
What is the role of mycolic acid in acid-fast bacteria?
What role does the Fluorescence microscope play in diagnosing infections?
What role does the Fluorescence microscope play in diagnosing infections?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
What factors affect the resolution of a microscope?
What factors affect the resolution of a microscope?
Which causative agent is responsible for malaria?
Which causative agent is responsible for malaria?
What term describes the transport mechanism in which one molecule enters the cell simultaneously with another exiting?
What term describes the transport mechanism in which one molecule enters the cell simultaneously with another exiting?
How does the TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) differ from the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)?
How does the TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) differ from the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)?
What symptom is characteristic of cholera infection?
What symptom is characteristic of cholera infection?
Why is a stained blood smear particularly useful in diagnosing malaria?
Why is a stained blood smear particularly useful in diagnosing malaria?
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Study Notes
Clinical Scenarios
-
Debi-MDR-TB
- Causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Signs/symptoms: Coughing, night sweats, fever
- Diagnostic test: TB skin test
- Treatment: Antitubercular antibiotics (specific names not provided)
- MDR-TB: Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis; management challenges
-
Caleb-Cutaneous Anthrax
- Transmission: Contact with infected dead cattle
- Hallmark sign: Black eschar
- Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis and its spores
-
Brandon-Syphilis
- First sign of infection: Painless chancre
- Causative agent: Treponema pallidum (spiral-shaped bacterium)
- Mode of transmission: Sexual activity
- Treatment: Antibiotics
Microbial Definitions & Classifications
- Microbe: Organism visible only through a microscope.
- Types of microbes:
- Eukaryotes: Fungi, plants, animals, protozoa
- Prokaryotes: Archaea, bacteria (both non-pathogenic and pathogenic)
Key Scientists & Contributions
- Robert Hooke, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: Pioneered microscope development
- Louis Pasteur: Swan-necked flask experiment debunked spontaneous generation
- Robert Koch: Introduced Koch’s postulates for establishing disease causation
- Edward Jenner: Developed vaccination using cowpox for smallpox prevention
- Alexander Fleming: Discovered penicillin, the first commercially used antibiotic
- Lynn Margulis: Proposed endosymbiosis theory regarding cell evolution
- Carl Woese: Identified Archaea, refining the three-domain system
- Florence Nightingale: Used statistical analysis to connect disease and mortality
- Sergei Winogradsky: Developed enrichment culture techniques
- Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick: Key role in DNA structure discovery
Koch’s Postulates
- Only sick individuals harbor the pathogen
- Pathogen must be isolated in pure culture
- Pure culture introduced to healthy individual must cause disease
- Pathogen must be re-isolated from the infected host
Infectious Disease Terms
- Virulence: Ability of a pathogen to cause disease; influenced by virulence factors
- ID50: Infective dose required to infect 50% of the population
- LD50: Lethal dose required to kill 50% of the population (lower value = higher virulence)
- Types of infections:
- Acute: Short duration
- Chronic: Long-term, developed gradually
- Subacute: Intermediate duration, can be dangerous
- Latent: Disease inactive until activated by certain conditions
Disease Characteristics
- Signs: Observable indicators of a disease
- Symptoms: Subjective feelings reported by the host
- Sequelae: After-effects of a disease
- Syndrome: Combination of signs and symptoms
Modes of Transmission
- Direct Transmission: Physical interaction (e.g., handshakes, sexual contact)
- Indirect Transmission: Through surfaces, droplets (e.g., sneezing, coughing)
Reservoirs and Vectors
- Reservoir: Organisms/environment that harbor pathogens (e.g., animals)
- Vector: Organisms that transmit pathogens (e.g., ticks, mosquitoes)
Disease Classifications
- Endemic: Present in a community at stable rates
- Epidemic: Rapid spread within a community
- Pandemic: Widespread across multiple regions
- Zoonotic disease: Transmitted from animals to humans
Infection Portals
- Skin
- Oral/fecal
- Eye
- Respiratory
- Parenteral (injection)
- Urogenital
Susceptibility Factors
- Age
- Genetics
- Hygiene practices
- Previous diseases
- Occupation
- Immunity level
- Nutrition/exercise
Biosafety Levels
- Level 1: Minimal risk; standard PPE
- Level 2: Moderate risk; vaccines available
- Level 3: High risk; requires hood for containment
- Level 4: Extremely high risk; specialized equipment needed
Microscopy Overview
- Types of Microscopes:
- Light-Field: Subject dark against a light background
- Dark-Field: Subject bright against a dark background
- Phase Contrast: Enhances live specimens
- Fluorescence: Uses stains to highlight specific bacteria
- SEM: Provides 3D images of surface structures
- TEM: Visualizes internal structures at high resolution
Bacterial Structure & Function
-
Bacterial Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer with selective permeability
-
Transport Mechanisms:
- Passive transport: No ATP, allows small nonpolar molecules
- Active transport: Uses ATP, for larger/polar molecules
- Coupled transport: Simultaneous movement of one molecule in and one out
-
Cell Wall:
- Gram-positive: Thick peptidoglycan layer
- Gram-negative: Thin peptidoglycan with outer membrane
- Acid-fast: Mycolic acid adds waxy layer
Division & Specialized Structures
- Bacterial Division: Binary fission involves DNA replication, elongation, and septum formation
- Specialized Structures:
- Pili: Attachment and DNA transfer
- Flagella: Motility through spinning
- Capsule: Protection and virulence factor
- S-layer: Surface layer providing protection
Eukaryotic Organelles
- Nucleus (nuclear envelope, nucleolus)
- Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Cytoskeleton
- Ribosomes
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts
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