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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of an action potential in nerve fibers?
What is the primary function of an action potential in nerve fibers?
- To establish a resting potential
- To create selective permeability
- To actively move ions across the membrane
- To transmit an impulse over the nerve fiber (correct)
What are the two main factors that contribute to potential difference across a cell membrane?
What are the two main factors that contribute to potential difference across a cell membrane?
- Ion channels and inactive state
- Selective permeability and actively moving ions (correct)
- Resting and action potentials
- Membrane thickness and voltage-gated channels
What is the typical resting potential that nerve and muscle cells need to maintain?
What is the typical resting potential that nerve and muscle cells need to maintain?
- -70 to -80 mV
- -90 to -100 mV
- -40 to -50 mV
- -60 to -90 mV (correct)
What occurs during a muscle impulse?
What occurs during a muscle impulse?
Which type of tissue is sensitive to electrochemical changes and can produce movement?
Which type of tissue is sensitive to electrochemical changes and can produce movement?
How does modifying the position of resistance in side leg raises affect the exercise?
How does modifying the position of resistance in side leg raises affect the exercise?
What role does torque play in motion during exercise?
What role does torque play in motion during exercise?
Which of the following factors can influence the amount of torque generated at a joint?
Which of the following factors can influence the amount of torque generated at a joint?
In the context of a strong kick with your foot, what generates more torque?
In the context of a strong kick with your foot, what generates more torque?
How can therapeutic exercises increase the challenge in terms of torque?
How can therapeutic exercises increase the challenge in terms of torque?
What is the primary function of Joint Receptors in maintaining a constant state of readiness?
What is the primary function of Joint Receptors in maintaining a constant state of readiness?
What does propriception encompass?
What does propriception encompass?
Which statement accurately describes Golgi Tendon Organs?
Which statement accurately describes Golgi Tendon Organs?
Which type of motion is referred to as Kinesthesia?
Which type of motion is referred to as Kinesthesia?
What is primarily involved in postural tone?
What is primarily involved in postural tone?
What happens to muscle tension as the elbow approaches and passes 90º of flexion?
What happens to muscle tension as the elbow approaches and passes 90º of flexion?
What is the outcome when tissue failure occurs?
What is the outcome when tissue failure occurs?
What mechanical factor compensates for the weakness caused by active insufficiency?
What mechanical factor compensates for the weakness caused by active insufficiency?
At what angle is the length-tension factor of the biceps brachii muscle most favorable?
At what angle is the length-tension factor of the biceps brachii muscle most favorable?
Which term describes the functional excursion of a muscle?
Which term describes the functional excursion of a muscle?
What occurs immediately before tissue ruptures entirely?
What occurs immediately before tissue ruptures entirely?
What happens to the muscle's leverage as it approaches 90º of flexion?
What happens to the muscle's leverage as it approaches 90º of flexion?
What defines the failure range in tissue mechanics?
What defines the failure range in tissue mechanics?
What does ROM stand for in the context of joint motion?
What does ROM stand for in the context of joint motion?
Which factor is most important for reliable comparison of joint motion?
Which factor is most important for reliable comparison of joint motion?
What are abnormal/pathological end feels characterized by?
What are abnormal/pathological end feels characterized by?
Which of the following best describes open-packed position?
Which of the following best describes open-packed position?
In a closed kinematic chain, which statement accurately describes its mechanics?
In a closed kinematic chain, which statement accurately describes its mechanics?
What is the primary advantage of a closed kinematic chain during functional activities?
What is the primary advantage of a closed kinematic chain during functional activities?
Which of the following actions is an example of an open kinematic chain?
Which of the following actions is an example of an open kinematic chain?
What does the term 'tight capsule & ligament tension' imply in relation to joint positions?
What does the term 'tight capsule & ligament tension' imply in relation to joint positions?
Why is it useful to refer to standardized ROM values?
Why is it useful to refer to standardized ROM values?
Which of the following best describes the sensation experienced at the end of a joint's ROM?
Which of the following best describes the sensation experienced at the end of a joint's ROM?
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Study Notes
Joint Motion Measurement
- Gonia, angle, and metron are crucial for measuring joint motion, both actively and passively.
- Standardized range of motion (ROM) values serve as references, but individual norms are essential for accurate comparisons.
- Measuring the contralateral extremity offers insights into an individual's typical motion range.
End-Feels in Joint Motion
- End-feels describe sensations and resistance encountered at the end of a joint's ROM during passive stretching.
- Abnormal end-feels appear at unexpected points in ROM or deviate from typical joint characteristics.
Kinematic Chains
- Kinematic chains consist of interconnected joints and segments, allowing coordinated movement.
- Open Kinematic Chain (OKC): One end fixed, allowing distal movement without affecting proximal segments; contributes to quicker motions.
- Closed Kinematic Chain (CKC): Both ends fixed, requiring movement at one end to affect the whole chain, promoting strength and stability.
Exercise Design and Torque
- Lever systems determine the intensity and difficulty of exercises; adjusting resistance can alter mechanical advantages.
- Closer weight placement to the foot increases torque in movements, enhancing kicking strength.
Importance of Torque
- Torque is vital in joint movement, exemplified by quadriceps generating force at the knee during leg extensions.
- Therapeutic exercises can increase challenge through extended moment arms, enhancing strength and muscle engagement.
Physiology of Excitable Tissue
- Nervous and muscular tissues have excitable membranes that respond to electrochemical changes, enabling movement.
- Action Potentials (AP): Nerve impulses transmit signals that prompt muscle contractions.
Nerve Fiber and Motor Control
- Joint receptors and motor units play a role in maintaining muscle tone and postural readiness.
- Kinesthesia and position sense help the body gauge the position and movement of its parts.
Proprioception and Sensory Feedback
- Proprioception uses sensory input to assess joint position and movement, integrating feedback from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.
- Golgi tendon organs sense force and tension changes, aiding in the prevention of muscle tears.
Motor Control and Functional Movement
- Effective motor control involves coordinated actions between the musculoskeletal system and sensory feedback.
- Tissue strength diminishes over time, making it vital to monitor the load and stress during activities to prevent injury.
Factors Influencing Muscle Strength
- Passive and active excursion impact muscle strength during joint movement.
- Muscle length-tension interactions change throughout joint ROM; optimal tension varies based on joint angle, especially around 90º of flexion.
- Leverage adjustments occur naturally to adapt to changes in muscle strength during movement.
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