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Questions and Answers
What is chronic inflammation?
Chronic inflammation occurs due to persistent or recurrent inciting stimulus or when the inflammatory reaction is insufficient to completely degrade the agent.
Which of the following describes chronic non-specific inflammation?
Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the presence of multi-nucleated giant cells.
True
What types of cells primarily characterize granulomatous inflammation?
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What activates B-lymphocytes in chronic non-specific inflammation?
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Match the following causes of granulomatous inflammation with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Monthly Precipitation
- Precipitation increases steadily from January to December, reaching a peak of 225 mm in December.
- The highest amount of rainfall occurs in the last quarter of the year.
Average Monthly Temperature
- Temperature gradually decreases from January to December.
- The highest average temperature is 29°C in March.
- The lowest average temperature is 0°C in December.
- The location experiences a significant drop in temperature during the second half of the year.
Chronic Inflammation
- Chronic inflammation is an inflammatory response that persists due to a persistent or recurrent inciting stimulus, or when the inflammatory reaction is insufficient to degrade the agent (bacteria, tissue debris, and foreign bodies) causing it.
- There are two types of chronic inflammation: chronic non-specific inflammation and granulomatous inflammation.
Chronic Non-Specific Inflammation
- Characterized by the presence of mononuclear blast cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
- Fibroblast proliferation and new vessel formation are common.
- Scarring and distortion of tissue architecture are characteristic.
- Monocytes are recruited from circulation by chemotactic factors.
- Cytokines derived from monocytes and macrophages activate lymphocytes, which further activate other monocytes and macrophages.
- B-lymphocytes activation by macrophage-presented antigens results in the formation of antibody-producing plasma cells.
Granulomatous Inflammation
- Characterized by the focal accumulation of activated macrophages known as epithelioid cells, leading to the formation of granulomas.
- Activation of macrophages by interaction with T cells is involved.
- Macrophages present poorly digested antigens to CD4+ T cells.
- Interaction with the antigen-specific T cell receptor of these cells triggers the release of cytokines (interferon-gamma) that mediate the transformation of monocytes and macrophages into epithelioid cells and giant cells.
- Caseous necrosis, often characterized by TB, occurs due to the killing of bacteria engulfed by non-functional macrophages by T cells.
- The presence of multinucleated giant cells is witnessed due to the merging of multiple bacterial-contaminated macrophages.
- Langerhans Giant Cells: Nuclei in a horseshoe pattern.
- Foreign Body Giant Cells: Scattered nuclei.
Granulomatous Inflammation: Causes
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Infectious:
- M. leprae and M. tuberculosis.
- Blastomyces dermatitidis.
- Treponema pallidum.
- Bartonella henselae.
- Foreign bodies
- Unknown
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Description
Explore the monthly trends of precipitation and temperature throughout the year. The quiz covers key statistics, highlighting the highest rainfall in December and temperature variations from January to December. Test your understanding of these important climatic factors.
